1. Dynamic Memory Management & Static Class Members Lecture No 7 Object Oriented Programming COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

2. Dynamic Memory Allocation Static memory - where global and static variables live Heap memory - dynamically allocated at execution time - "managed" memory accessed using pointers Stack memory - used by automatic variables 2 In C and C++, three types of memory are used by programs: Object Oriented Programming

3. Kinds of Program Data STATIC DATA: Allocated at compiler time DYNAMIC DATA: explicitly allocated and de- allocated during program execution by C++ instructions written by programmer using operators new and delete AUTOMATIC DATA: automatically created at function entry, resides in activation frame of the function, and is destroyed when returning from function 3 Object Oriented Programming

4. Dynamic Memory Allocation Diagram 4 Object Oriented Programming

5. Dynamic Memory Allocation In C, functions such as malloc() are used to dynamically allocate memory from the Heap. In C++, this is accomplished using the new and delete operators new is used to allocate memory during execution time – returns a pointer to the address where the object is to be stored – always returns a pointer to the type that follows the new 5 Object Oriented Programming

6. Operator new Syntax TypeName *typeNamePtr; typeNamePtr = new TypeName; If memory is available, in an area called the heap (or free store) new allocates the requested object or array, and returns a pointer to (address of ) the memory allocated. Otherwise, program terminates with error message. The dynamically allocated object exists until the delete operator destroys it. 6 Object Oriented Programming 6

7. Operator new char* ptr; ptr = new char; *ptr = ‘B’; cout << *ptr; NOTE: Dynamic data has no variable name 7 2000 ??? ptr 5000 ‘B’

8. The NULL Pointer There is a pointer constant called the “null pointer” denoted by NULL But NULL is not memory address 0. NOTE: It is an error to dereference a pointer whose value is NULL. Such an error may cause your program to crash, or behave erratically. It is the programmer’s job to check for this. while (ptr != NULL) {... // ok to use *ptr here } 8 Object Oriented Programming

9. Operator delete The object or array currently pointed to by Pointer is deallocated, and the value of Pointer is undefined. The memory is returned to the free store. Good idea to set the pointer to the released memory to NULL Square brackets are used with delete to deallocate a dynamically allocated array. delete [ ] typeNamePtr; delete typeNamePtr; 9 Object Oriented Programming 9

10. Operator delete char* ptr; ptr = new char; *ptr = ‘B’; cout << *ptr; delete ptr; 10 char* ptr; ptr = new char; *ptr = ‘B’; cout << *ptr; delete ptr; 5000 ‘B’ 2000 ptr ??? NOTE: delete deallocates the memory pointed to by ptr Object Oriented Programming

11. 11 Operator delete char* ptr; ptr = new char; *ptr = ‘B’; cout << *ptr; delete ptr; 5000 ‘B’ 2000 ptr ??? NOTE: delete deallocates the memory pointed to by ptr

12. Example 12 char *ptr ; ptr = new char[ 5 ]; strcpy( ptr, “Bye” ); ptr[ 0 ] = ‘u’; delete [] ptr; ptr = NULL; ‘B’ ‘y’ ‘e’ ‘\0’ ‘u’ ptr 3000 ??? 6000 ???NULL // deallocates the array pointed to by ptr // ptr itself is not deallocated // the value of ptr becomes undefined Object Oriented Programming

13. In particular, ▫new invokes constructor ▫delete invokes the class’s destructor Object Oriented Programming 13

14. Classes, Objects, and Memory Each object has its own separate data items All the objects in a class use the same member functions Member functions are created and placed in memory only once, when they are defined in the class declaration. No need to duplicate all member functions in a class every time you create another object of that class, since functions for each object are identical. Object Oriented Programming 14

15. Data items will hold different values, so separate instance of each data item for each object. So, data placed in memory when each object is defined, so there is a separate set of data for each object. Object Oriented Programming 15

16. Object Oriented Programming 16

17. Static Class Data If a data item in a class is declared as static, only one such item is created for the entire class, no matter how many objects there are A member variable defined as static has characteristics similar to a normal static variable: It is visible only within the class, but its lifetime is the entire program. It continues to exist even if there are no objects of the class Object Oriented Programming 17

18. Cont. A static data item is useful when all objects of the same class must share a common item of information A normal static variable is used to retain information between calls to a function, static class member data is used to share information among the objects of a class Object Oriented Programming 18

19. Uses of Static Class Data Suppose an object needed to know how many other objects of its class were in the program In a road-racing game, for example, a race car might want to know how many other cars are still in the race In this case a static variable count could be included as a member of the class All the objects would have access to this variable Object Oriented Programming 19

20. Example class Race { private: static int count; //only one data item for all objects int carNo; public: Race() //increments count when object created { count++; carNo=0; } void setCarNo(int no) { carNo = no; } void printData() //returns count { cout<<“Total car = ”<< count; cout<<“,Car No. = ”<<carNo<<endl; } }; int Race::count = 0; main() { Race c1, c2, c3; //create three objects c1.setCarNo(10); c2.setCarNo(11); c3.setCarNo(12); c1.printData(); c2.printData(); c3.printData(); } Total car = 3, Car No. 10 Total car = 3, Car No. 11 Total car = 3, Car No. 12 main() { Race c1, c2; //create three objects c1.setCarNo(10); c2.setCarNo(11); c1.printData(); c2.printData(); Race c3; c3.setCarNo(12); c3.printData(); } Total car = 2, Car No. 10 Total car = 2, Car No. 11 Total car = 3, Car No. 12 Object Oriented Programming 20

21. Static vs. automatic member variable Object Oriented Programming 21

22. Separate Declaration and Definition Ordinary variables are usually declared (the compiler is told about their name and type) and defined (the compiler sets aside memory to hold the variable) in the same statement Static member data requires two separate statements – The variable’s declaration appears in the class definition, – but the variable is actually defined outside the class Putting the definition of static member data outside the class also serves to emphasize that the memory space for such data is allocated only once Object Oriented Programming 22

23. const Member Functions class aClass { private: int alpha; public: void nonFunc() //non-const member function { alpha = 99; } //OK void conFunc() const //const member function { alpha = 99; } //ERROR: can’t modify a member }; The non-const function nonFunc() can modify member data alpha, but the constant function conFunc() can’t. If it tries to, a compiler error results. Member functions that do nothing but acquire data from an object are obvious candidates for being made const, because they don’t need to modify any data. Object Oriented Programming 23

24. A Distance Example A Distance Example with const function Object Oriented Programming 24

25. const Objects When an object is declared as const, it can’t be modified class Distance //English Distance class { private: int feet; float inches; public: //2-arg constructor Distance(int ft, float in) : feet(ft), inches(in) { } void getdist() //user input; non-const func { cout > feet; cout > inches; } void showdist() const //display distance; const func { cout << feet << “:” << inches; } }; main() { const Distance football(300, 0); // football.getdist(); //ERROR: getdist() not const cout << “football = “; football.showdist(); //OK } Object Oriented Programming 25