1. Terms: Gladiatrix (not ancient) Ludia Mulier vs. femina

2. Female gladiator in re-enactment, London

3. Mosaics of female athletes at Piazza Armerina (Sicily; Roman 4 th century CE)

5. Laws: 22 BCE Augustus’ law on elites in the arena [11 CE] 19 CE Senatus consultum from Larinum 200 CE Septimius Severus’ decree on female gladiators

6. Sources: Historians: Tacitus, Cassius Dio Biographers: Suetonius Poets: Martial, Statius, Juvenal Fiction: Petronius

7. Hostilianus and the inscription from Ostia

8. Relief for two female gladiators commemorating being stantes missae (from Halicarnassus (Turkey), 1/2 nd century CE)

9. Woman with a strigil or female gladiator? Bronze statuette from Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg,