1. MOLECULES OF LIFE: THERE ARE FOUR MAIN CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ESSENTIAL TO LIFE

2. 1. CARBOHYDRATES 2. LIPIDS 3. PROTEINS 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS

3. SEVERAL OF THESE MOLECULES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE MACROMOLECULES.

4. A. CARBOHYDRATES: 1.ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MADE OF ELEMENTS – C,H,O

5. 2. EXIST AS MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES

6. 3. MONOSACCHARIDES : HAVE CHEMICAL FORMULA C6H12O6

7. a.ARE SIMPLE SUGARS INCLUDING: (1)GLUCOSE – MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR CELLS

9. (2) FRUCTOSE – IN FRUIT 3) GALACTOSE – IN MILK

10. . SINCE MANY MONO- SACCHARIDES HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA, THEY ARE DIFFERENT STRUCTURALLY.

11. MOLECULES WITH THE SAME FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL ARE CALLED: ISOMERS

13. c. GENERAL CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR CARBOHYDRATES IS (CH2O) N

14. 4. DISACCHARIDES a. DOUBLE- SUGAR

15. b. MADE OF TWO SIMPLE SUGARS JOINED THROUGH A CONDENSATION REACTION

18. c. INCLUDES: (1)LACTOSE: A COMBINATION OF GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE

19. (2) SUCROSE: A COMBINATION OF GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE

20. (3) MALTOSE: A COMBINATION OF GLUCOSE +GLUCOSE

21. 5. POLYSACCHARIDES: a.COMPLEX MOLECULES OF THREE OR MORE MONOSACCHARIDES

22. b. INCLUDES (1)GLYCOGEN – GLUCOSE STORAGE IN ANIMALS, FOUND IN THE LIVER AND IN MUSCLES – QUICK ENERGY

23. (2) CELLULOSE – FOUND IN PLANT CELL WALLS GIVES STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY, PEOPLE CANNOT DIGEST CELLULOSE, YET IT IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF A HEALTHY DIET. WHY?

24. (3) STARCH – PLANT STORAGE OF GLUCOSE

26. (4) CHITIN – MAKES UP EXOSKELETONS OF ARTHROPODS

27. 6. Building and breaking down carbohydrates: both reactions involve enzymes and water a. Building – called condensation or dehydration synthesis:

29. b. Breaking a disaccharide into two monosaccharides is called hydrolysis