2.  23,000 Union troops lost  28,000 Confederate troops lost  Corpses everywhere, stench unbearable  Lee resigned, although resignation not accepted by Jefferson Davis  Lee never gets that far North again

3.  One of 2 Confederate holdouts on Miss. River If lost, Union has control of Miss. River Good Location b/c of its height, controlled waterway  Began May 1863  After 2 failed frontal assaults, Grant set up siege on Vicksburg Artillery barrage for several days Starved out Confederates  July 3, Confederates surrendered, city fell July 4  Last Confederate fort fell July 9 at Port Hudson, LA Confederacy cut in two No control of Mississippi for transportation

4.  Nov. 1863 ceremony to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg.  Lincoln gave 2 minute speech “Remade America” “United States is” instead of “are” – made US realize a collective whole instead of individual states

5.  Vicksburg and Gettysburg cost Confederate manpower  Shortage of Food  Desertions, Fighting for Union  Squabbles within Confederate Governments  Movements for Peace in various states

6.  Grant appointed William Tecumseh Sherman as commander in MS  eventually sent towards GA  Total War – fight military, government and CIVILIANS to destroy all ability for enemy to fight  Attack and attack again Huge losses for Union, but they could afford it, South could not Burned towns, killed animals  As they got close to the end, in NC stopped burning towns and handed out food and supplies

7. About three miles from Sparta we struck the 'Burnt Country,' as it is well named by the natives, and then I could better understand the wrath and desperation of these poor people. I almost felt as if I should like to hang a Yankee myself. There was hardly a fence left standing all the way from Sparta to Gordon. The fields were trampled down and the road was lined with carcasses of horses, hogs, and cattle that the invaders, unable either to consume or to carry away with them, had wantonly shot down to starve out the people and prevent them from making their crops. The stench in some places was unbearable; every few hundred yards we had to hold our noses or stop them with the cologne Mrs. Elzey had given us, and it proved a great boon. Source: Eliza Frances Andrews, The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864- 1865 (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1908), pp. 32-33.The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864- 1865

8.  Democrats upset over length & high casualties of war nominated George McClellan  Radical Republicans wanted harsher proposal for post- Civil War nominated John C. Fremont as a 3 rd party candidate  Lincoln chose a pro-Union democrat as VP Andrew Johnson  BUT felt he’d be badly beaten unless some great change 

9.  August 5 – major Southern Port closed at Mobile  September 2 – Atlanta was taken  End of Sept – Fremont withdrew  October 18 – Confederates out of Northern VA  November - Absentee ballots from soldiers helped Lincoln win Battle of Atlanta

10.  Clear Confederacy was over by March 1865  Grant and Sherman approached Richmond, Confederate Gov. fled and set fire to the city  April 9, 1865 – Lee and Grant met in Appomattox village to arrange Confederate surrender Very generous terms Within 1 month all resistance ended

12.  April 14, 1865 - Lincoln was assassinated, 5 days after Lee surrendered  Ford Theater watching a play  John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head and then escaped by jumping over the balcony, broke his leg  Lincoln died 7:22 the following morning

13.  12 days later, Union military trapped Booth in a barn in VA set building on fire shot him when he refused to surrender  Train took Lincoln’s body from DC to Springfield, IL  Approx. 1/3 of the Union turned out to publically mourn his death