1. AP Human Geography, Chapter 13

2. City Life? - You’ve studied agriculture and have a solid understanding of the general way of life of rural living….but what about rural life’s counterpart – urban living? - What perceptions do you have about urban living? - People? - Economics? - Lifestyle?- Politics? - Culture?-

3. Analyzing Under the Bridge  Write an explanation to the following: What do you think the song is about? Why? In the first stanza the author cries with someone. Who is he crying with? How does this song represent ideals of urban life?

4. Urbanization Quiz, 1-5 1.)With a population estimated over 30,000, what year did Memphis, Egypt become the world’s most populous city? 2.) What city was the first to have a population over 200,000 in 612? 3.) What year did China have its first city (Changan) to have the world’s largest population? 4.) What was the first city to have more than one million people in 800? 5.) What was the first city to have more than five million people by 1900?

5. Urbanization Quiz, 6-10 6.) What year did London first have the world’s largest population? 7.) What year did New York first have the world’s largest population? 8.) What was the first city to reach a population over 10 million? 9.) What was the first city to reach a population over 20 million? 10.) How many cities have a population over 10 million today? Name as many as you can.

6. Survey Says… (million) 10.) Tokyo8.13 9.) Shanghai8.21 8.) Mexico City8.24 7.) Istanbul8.26 6.) Moscow8.29 5.) Karachi9.34 4.) Jakarta9.37 3.) Mumbai9.9 2.) Sao Paulo10 1.) Seoul10.2

7. Metro. Areas (millions) 5.) Sao Paulo19.9 4.) New York21.75 3.) Seoul21.95 2.) Mexico City22.15 1.) Tokyo33.9

8. Definitions: City: A relatively large agglomeration of people and activities; based on non-primary activities Legal Entities created and given various powers by a state government Population U.S.: any settlement with more than 2,500 residents Japan: 30,000 Italy: 10,000 Turkey: 10,000 India: 5,000 Australia: 1,000 Sweden: 200

9. Defensive sites A location where a city can be easily defended

10. Trade-route sites Defense was not always a primary consideration Most common types of trade-route sites — * bridge-point and river-ford sites Confluence sites are common -- point where two navigable streams flow together

11. Ancient World Cities  Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley.  E. Mediterranean - Many cities organized into City-States (hinterland) Ancient Athens

12. Medieval World Cities  After collapse of W. Roman Empire in 5th Century, W. Europe’s cities were diminished or abandoned.  European Feudal Cities - Begin in 11th Century - Improved roads encouraged trade - Dense and compact within defensive walls Cittadella, Italy Paris, France

13. Modern World Cities -Headquarters of large businesses -Media control centers -Access to political power London, New York, Tokyo - Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich, Sao Paulo, Singapore

14. Functional Categories of Cities  Central Place Cities Markets and social centers  Transport Cities Linear arrangement along coast/transport corridor  Specialized Function Focused on a particular activity ○ Mining: W. VA ○ High Tech: Silicon Valley & Bangalore, India

15. Urban Patterns  RegionPercentage urban  Australia86  Europe75  Anglo America74  Latin America69  Africa31  Asia29

16. Urban Patterns for the Developed World Europe highest levels of urbanization in the west- lowest in the east greatest clusters: Great Britain and Rhine Valley largest conurbation: London and neighboring cities Anglo America greater degree of suburban sprawl than any other major part of the world Megalopolis- world’s premier urban region, largest in terms of population size and economic importance Japan only area outside of Europe and Anglo America with significant conurbation one of the most urbanized states in the world

17. Urban Patterns: Anglo American city Canadian city tends to be more compact than US city, with a lesser degree of suburbanization, and higher densities Western European city Great Britain and France have primate cities, Germany and Italy do not Irregular systems of narrow streets, developed in medieval times, streets radiating from a central ring and cut by other “ring roads” (walls used to encircle the city). Eastern European city Shares many forms and traditions of W. Europe, but differs due to central planning principles used during the communist period: Limiting growth, neighborhood equality, land use segregation.

18. Europe versus U.S. Cities: Sprawl European cities tend to restrict suburban development, thereby concentrating new development in and around existing concentrations.

19. U.S. Urban Growth Stages

20. Changes in Cities in the U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs : suburbanization and counterurbanization U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s. Developed Countries: suburbanization  wealthy move to suburbs  automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’  better services  wealthy move to suburbs counterurbanization  “Ideal” settings  cost of land for retirement  slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets

21. Suburbanization/ Urban Sprawl Edge cities Shopping malls High-tech light manufacturing Corporate headquarters White-collar firms Entertainment and hotel complexes Airport complexes Frequently located at intersections of major freeways Refocusing of commuting on suburb-to-suburb and city-to-suburb "reverse commuting."

22. Decaying Urban Centers Characterized by higher levels of: Poverty Joblessness Crime Drugs Single mothers Welfare dependency Highly concentrated in inner city. Predominantly composed of ethnic minorities. (White poor far outnumber nonwhite poor, but white poor are not as geographically concentrated).

23. Cities in Crisis, Urban Problems U.S. City Problems  Sprawl  commutes  environmental problems  Racial and Economic Segregation Racial and Economic Segregation  schoolsschools  taxes

24. School Segregation

25. Primate City Rule Largest settlement in a country has more than twice the number as the second ranking city. These cities tend to represent the perceived culture of the country.

26. Rank-Size Rule * Rank-Size Rule: n th- largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. In other words, 2nd largest is 1/2 the size of largest * Works best in most developed countries that have full distribution of services.

27. Decaying Urban Centers Characterized by higher levels of: Poverty Joblessness Crime Drugs Single mothers Welfare dependency Highly concentrated in inner city. Predominantly composed of ethnic minorities. (White poor far outnumber nonwhite poor, but white poor are not as geographically concentrated).

28. Urban Patterns for the Developing World Highest rate of urban growth. Lacks significant conurbation- most large cities are primate cities and stand alone Latin America- by far the most urbanized major region of less developed world. Asia- less than 35% urban through the whole region- with some notable exceptions (Taiwan, Philippines, Malaysia, N and S Korea) Southwest Asia- also has higher levels of urbanization due to geographical limitations for settlement Africa- least urbanized of all regions, but the most rapidly urbanizing of all the areas.

29. Urban Patterns: All have populations greater than their formal functions and employment bases can support. Inverse concentric zone pattern Asia/ African city- European colonial imprint spatial contrasts in social equality very apparent. Latin American city- 2 uses for city center: CBD and traditional market. Spine= continuation of features of city outward along main boulevard ring highway becoming common- dividing better inner city residential areas and peripheral slums and squatter settlements.

30. Changes in Cities in LDCs Populations of cities in the less developed world have been surging : urbanization, migration, natural increase Urbanization in LDCs:  Farming more challenging  Poor live in the suburbs, rich live in CBD  Cities struggle to provide jobs and housing  Services overtaxed  Squatter settlements common  Crime on the rise Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

31. Intraregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income. Urbanization  Migration from rural areas  Lack of jobs in countryside  Tokyo, Seoul, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list Sao Paulo, BrazilMumbai, IndiaMexico City, Mexico

32. The Roles and Rules….  1s: Concentric Zone Model  2s: Sector Model  3s: Multiple Nuclei Model  4s: Social area analysis  5s: Squatter settlements  6s: Pre/post colonial cities  You will be explaining your topic to the class. You will need to explain what it is and provide a visual to help further your point. You will have six minutes of collaboration and five minutes to present

33. Burgess’s Concentric Zone  City grows outward from central area in a series of rings Like growth rings of a tree Size and width vary from city to city 1: CBD 2: industry/poor housing 3: working-class housing 4: newer housing (m.i.fs.) 5: suburbia

34. Hoyt’s Sector Model  City develops in sectors, not rings Certain areas more attractive for certain things  High-class housing extends as a corridor

35. Harris and Ulman’s Multiple Nuclei Model  City is complex structure with multiple centers Some activities are attracted to certain nodes ○ University = educated residents, bookstores, pizzerias ○ Heavy industry not next to high-class housing, duh