1. Recent test results of TGEM-Prototypes in INR, Moscow V.I.Razin, А.B.Kurepin, B.M.Ovchinnikov, A.I.Reshetin, E.A.Usenko, S.N.Filippov, D.A.Finogeev Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 1) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

2. Outline ☻ TGEM-Prototype (G10);  tests by using α and β-particles; ☻ RETGEM-Prototype with a graphite coating; ☻ RETGEM-Prototype with polyvinylchloride (PVC) electrodes; ☻ Construction of TGEM of a new type – Wire GEM (WGEM); ☻ RICH-detectors with a focusing SiO 2 -aerogel radiators: the opportunity of the development and application of photo- cathodes in a range λ = 500-600 nm for gas detectors (GEM) of large area; ☻ Conclusions; ☻ The work plan of INR-team for 2010 in the frame of R&D51; 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 2) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

3. .... 1 2 3 4 3 - коллектор 4 - α-источник TGEM-Prototype (G10) 1 3 2 4 1 – drift electrode 2 – TGEM 3 – collector 4 – α-source 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 3) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow Fig.1 TGEM Construction scheme

4. 20 B 40 1.6 A 3.0 1.5 A B 1.0 1.2 0.3 TGEM-Prototype (G10) 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN ( slide 4) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow A A B B 20 40 1.5 1.0 3.0 1.5 0.3 1.2 0.3 Fig.2 TGEM Hole profile

5. пробой ВОЗДУХ ∆ TGEM-Prototype (G10) Ar + 20% CO 2 Air 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 5) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow breakdown Fig.3

6. .... 1 3 4 6 1 - дрейфовый электрод 5 - коллектор 6 - β-источник. 5. 1.1. Drift electrode 2.2. Field masking cylinder 3.3. TGEM1 4.4. TGEM2 5.5. Collector 6.6. β-source 7. - экранl Fig.4 Double-TGEM Construction scheme Double-TGEM-Prototype (G10) 1 3 4 5 6 2 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 6) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

7. Results of the simulation of the double-TGEM- Prototype geometry (“field masking cylinder”) Fig.5 Charge avalanche without “field-masking cylinder” Fig.6 Charged avalanche with “field-masking cylinder” 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 7) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

8. Double-TGEM-Prototype (G10) - V 0, kV - V A, mV Ar + 20% CO 2 Ar + 20% CH 4 Fig.7 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 8) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

9. RETGEM-Prototype with a graphite coating and polyvinylchloride (PVC) electrodes Fig.8 Schematic drawing of the experimental setup for testing of the RETGEM 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 9) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

10. Fig.9 The amplitude of the signal v.s. voltage with the RETGEM operating in Ar + 20%CO 2 using α-source with I = 10 4 particles/s. Fig.10 The amplitude of the signal v.s. voltage as a Fig.5 using β-source with I = 10 3 particles/s. RETGEM-Prototype with a graphite coating and polyvinylchloride (PVC) electrodes 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 10) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

11. Construction of TGEM of a new type – Wire GEM (WGEM) Fig.11. WGEM-detector layout 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 11) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

12. Construction of TGEM of a new type – Wire GEM (WGEM) Fig.12. Schematic view of the experimental setup 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 12) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow Drift electrode Collector 5 mm

13. Construction of TGEM of a new type – Wire GEM (WGEM) Fig.13 Gain K amp vs voltage V c 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 13) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

14. FARICH conception with the TGEM option for ALICE upgrade Charged particle Aerogel n 1 n 2 Photon detector The main goal of the FARICH concept is - to increase the number of photons by using thicker radiator; - to focus Cherenkov cones on the detector sensitive plane without degrading the angle resolution. The FARICH proximity focusing type geometry was proposed. - the use of several layers of aerogel with gradually increasing refractive indices, n3 > n2 > n1 allows to focus Cherenkov cones of the same radius; - refractive indices are determined by different proximity gaps. Photo-cathode film in a range λ = 500-600 nm and Double TGEM AEROGEL radiator 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 14) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

15. Conclusions 1. TGEM, RETGEM and WireGEM-Prototypes were tested at INR RAS (Moscow). 2. Measurements were performed by using radioactive sources with a different directions of α and β-particles. 3. The performed computer simulation enabled to optimize the TGEM construction and generated a need of using “field- masking cylinder”. 4. The development of photo-cathodes in a range λ = 500-600 nm for gas detectors (GEM) of large area will define future trends of the FARICH full-scale constructions. 5. There were strimers in TGEM and RETGEM at conditions satisfying a Rather-limit α × M ≥ 10 8 with a discharge current < 10 mkA. 6. No sparks (spark current > 10 mA) and no equipment death was observed. 7. It was observed that the strimer is accompanied by pre-impulse (precursor) with the signal amplitude defined by a mode of limited proportionality. 8. The delay time between the strimer and precursor is always constant. 9. The drift of the electron avalanche in the double TGEM is taking place at the field 1 kV/cm – much lower than one measured for other prototypes. 10. The formation of the strimer in TGEM, RPC, MICROMEGAS etc. with gapes of 1 mm and much smaller is evidence of a unified origin of strimers in the gas medium with a uniform electrical field. 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 15) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

16. In the frame of R&D51 we would like to work on the following problems: 1. Investigations of the nature of a strimer mode of the gas discharge. 2. Developments of photo-cathodes in a range of the light length 500 -600 nm for gas detectors of large area, in particular, for the RICH detectors with a focusing aerogel radiators. 3. Studies of the performance of TGEM detectors of the new types. 4. The computer simulation of the physical processes in gases for the optimization of the construction of GEM, TGEM, RETGEM detectors. The work plan of INR-team for 2010 in the in the frame R&D51 24 November, 2009 Vladimir Razin R&D51 Meeting, CERN (slide 16) Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow