1. GEOL 553 LECTURE 23 Age Control Precision & Accuracy Precision & Accuracy Radiometric Age Techniques Radiometric Age Techniques Radioactive Decay Radioactive Decay Radiocarbon Radiocarbon Argon Isotopes Argon Isotopes Uranium Series Uranium Series Fission Track Fission Track Luminescence Luminescence Electron Spin Resonance Electron Spin Resonance Cosmogenic Nuclides Cosmogenic Nuclides Short Lived Nuclides Short Lived Nuclides Incremental Age Techniques Incremental Age Techniques Dendrochronology Dendrochronology Varve Chronology Varve Chronology Lichenometry Lichenometry Speleothems Speleothems Age Equivalent Stratigraphic Markers Age Equivalent Stratigraphic Markers Paleomagnetism Paleomagnetism Magnetostratigraphy Magnetostratigraphy Tephrochronology Tephrochronology Oxygen Isotopes Oxygen Isotopes Relative Chronology ~ Chemical Alteration Relative Chronology ~ Chemical Alteration Amino Acids Amino Acids Fluorine, Uranium, Nitrogen Fluorine, Uranium, Nitrogen Obsidian Hydration Obsidian Hydration Rock Weathering Rock Weathering Pedogenesis Pedogenesis

5. The spontaneous change of an unstable nuclide into another is radioactive decay. The unstable nuclide is called the parent nuclide; the nuclide that results from the decay is known as the daughter nuclide. The daughter nuclide may be stable, or it may decay itself. The radiation produced during radioactive decay is such that the daughter nuclide lies closer to the band of stability than the parent nuclide, so the location of a nuclide relative to the band of stability can serve as a guide to the kind of decay it will undergo http://cnx.org/contents/9abb7cd9-d0b3-4131-bf8b-7a582e07fcaf@2/Radioactive-Decay

8. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Table_isotopes_en.svghttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Components_of_the_Nucleus

15. Branching decay of 40 K. a)Conversion of atoms of 40 K to 40 Ca through the emission of a β particle from the nucleus. b)Conversion of 40 K to 40 Ar through electron capture by the nucleus from one of the atomic orbitals.

17. Methods of measuring palaeodose (DE) after the natural TL intensity of a sample (N) has been established. a)In the additive method, different aliquots of the sample are irradiated in the laboratory at increasing intensities of irradiation and the corresponding TL properties measured. b)In the regenerative method, aliquots of the sample are initially bleached to low radiative intensities and then progressively irradiated by known amounts, with corresponding TL values noted. Method b can be applied using multiple or single aliquots (single aliquot regeneration, or SAR) of a sample.

18. a)Cross-cut of a tree trunk showing seasonally differentiated growth rings, reflecting variations in wood cell density. b)X-ray negatives of wood surfaces can be magnified and analyzed using a high- resolution microdensitometer c)The optical density of the X-ray negatives is inversely proportional to wood density, as illustrated schematically

19. Age profile of cross-matched tree-ring series from Finnish Lapland for the period AD 1200 – 160 BC, showing part of the record with many overlapping tree- ring series.