1. Vacuum Tube Amplifiers

2. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) Built by the US Army in 1946. 17,468 vacuum tubes! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC Computer programs used to actually contain bugs!

3. The First Solid-state Trasistor Invented at Bell Labs in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley

4. Integrated Circuits (I.C.s) Solid state transistors can be fabricated en masse on a silicon substrate! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET

5. Integrated Circuits (I.C.s)

6. Moore’s Law We can print over 1 billion transistors on a single chip!

7. Operational Amplifier Circuit

8. Integrated Circuits (I.C.s) Wafers are diced up and packaged as IC chips. DIP – “Dual inline package”

9. Silicon IC chips are encased in plastic. Can be treated as a “Black Box”. Integrated Circuits

10. Modern Accelerometers “interdigitated” electrodes 3-axis gyro from an iPhone 4 Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) have largely replace gyroscopes for intertial measurements.