1. Early Photography

2. Calotype Calotype- the first photographic process utilizing negatives and paper positives, invented by William Henry fox Talbot in the late 1830’s. It is paper coated with silver iodide. Talbot came up with the name “calotype” from the Greek term for “beautiful image.” Talbot's process became the basis of modern photography. “soliloquy of the broom” gives evidence of his conviction that photography might offer a creative artistic outlet for those without the manual talent to draw or paint.

3. "The Open Door"‘ 18.8 x 23.1 cm. By 19th century English polymath William Henry Fox Talbot, an inventor of photography.

4. Daguerreotype An early photographic process (developed from the camera obscure) developed by Louis Daguerre A copper plate is coated with iodine, when the surface is exposed to light and dipped in a salt solution, an image is produced on the plate. 3-D quality Made in the early 1800s Very realistic, they became relics for people No copies, it’s a precious individual It completely revolutionized the ability to realistically portray images

5. Louis Daguerre L’Atelier de l'artiste (The Artist’s Studio) 1837 Daguerreotype Société Française de Photographie, Paris

13. Nicholas H. Shepherd Abraham Lincoln 1846 Daguerreotype Library of Congress

14. Edgar Allan Poe William S. Hartshorn 1848 Daguerreotype Library of Congress Daguerreotypes Online (Slideshow Example) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMKBy3lAFTU

15. Wet Collodion Photography What is Collodion? Collodion= a thick liquid, made of nitrated cotton that has been dissolved in alcohol and ether How is the technique employed? A glass plate is coated with a mixture of light sensitive salts and collodion, once most of the liquid has evaporated the plate is submerged in a chemical compound (silver nitrate in early days, but with time the process changes) then QUICKLY placed into the camera for exposure. (Quickly, because the plate must be wet in order for the image to be captured). Once the plate has been exposed it must be QUICKLY brought to a darkroom to be bathed in an acidic solution that develops the image. The Benefits of Wet Collodion Technique The photographer can produce several prints from one plate in record time, or use the plate itself as a collodion positive (the desired image) vs. collodion negative. The plates are BIG!! Meaning bigger pictures!!!

16. Limitations of the Technique A dark room is needed, meaning the technique is not very portable. The plates are huge and heavy!!! How is a photographer going to photograph nature? He/She is going to need a mule, maybe a couple of them. Exemplary Use

17. Art as Document (cont) Eadward Muybridge: Leland Stanford (yes, that Stanford) wanted to prove that all four hooves were off the ground at some point of a horse’s gallop. Photographs capture details that might escape human eye: the ultimate tool for objective record keeping. Science as well as art. “persistence of vision”: try looking at the pictures one after another quickly. It looks like its actually moving, no? That’s because an image lingers for a fraction of a second after seeing it.

18. Eadward Muybridge Horse Galloping 1878 Collotype print

19. Timothy O’Sullivan (1840-82) A prominent photographer of the American Civil War and the Western American landscape. Similar to the landscape artists of the time, O’Sullivan documented the factual naturalism of America. O’Sullivan infused into his photographs a Romantic sense of awe before the grandeur of nature. Many of his landscape photographs were meant to suggest human futility and humanity’s insignificant place within the immensity of geological time (Romantic pessimism). O’Sullivan’s Civil War photographs functioned to impress the public of the war’s high price.

20. Timothy H. O’Sullivan Ancient Ruins in the Canon de Chelley, Arizona 1873 Albumen print

21. Timothy H. O’Sullivan The Harvest of Death 1863 Albumen silver print

22. Alexander Gardner (1821-82) One of the Civil War photographers who helped amass over 7,000 negatives documenting every aspect of the war except the actual fighting, because the cameras were too slow to capture the actual fighting scenes. Most memorable images were those immediately after a battle, before the dead were buried. Gardner made a powerful impression on the American public. By depicting the terrible reality of war, he cut through the so- called glamour of it. Documentary photography significantly impacted how the public perceived reality, especially the reality of war.

23. Alexander Gardner Confederate dead gathered for burial, Antietam, September 1862 1862 Albumen silver print

24. Alexander Gardner Abraham Lincoln 1865 Photograph

25. Jacob Riis (1849-1914) Riis was an urban photographer and muckraking journalist who sought to galvanize public concern for the unfortunate poor and bring about social change. Unlike his contemporaries, Riis actually investigated slum life rather than merely rewriting police reports. He documented the harsh and difficult living conditions of the urban slums of New York City. Riis often depicted the inhabitants of the tenements as decent and hardworking people who deserve a better life.

26. Jacob Riis Five Cents Lodging, Bayard Street 1889

27. Jacob Riis Tenement Interior in Poverty Gap: An English Coal-Heaver’s Home 1889