2. Causes of WWI

3. Causes of WWI - MANIA M ilitarism A lliances N ationalism I mperialism A ssassination

4. M ilitarism When a nation’s armed forces come to dominate a country’s national policy It is also a glorification of the military and war itself 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

5. A lliances Signed treaties in which each nation involved pledges to defend the other if attacked by an aggressor Basically, countries agreed to help each other

7. A lliances Germany Italy Great Britain France Russia Austria-Hungary Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

8. N ationalism Pride and patriotism in one’s nation In terms of WWI, nationalism became aggressive and subsequently (because of this) a major cause of international tension Independent nations desired dominance and prestige and as these powers tried to dominate each other in Europe, their rivalries may be regarded as one of the causes of the First World War

9. I mperialism Domination by one country over the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region Due to the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s, some European nations had a large portion of the world under their control

10. Imperialism and Colonial Rivalries After 1870, the European nations began to acquire colonies in Asia, Africa and the Pacific Colonial rivalry led to: –strained relations among the European powers. In Africa, all the European powers except Austria and Russia had colonies there. Thus there were many clashes among France, Britain, Germany and Italy. –the formation and strengthening of alliances and ententes. (indirectly) –an intensification of the arms race. –much hostility among the powers.

12. A ssassination The “spark” that started WWI On June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria Hungarian Throne was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia

13. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914

14. Gavrilo Princip after his assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

17. The Point of No Return Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary. Russia pledged their support for Serbia.

18. Germany declares war on Russia France pledges their support for Russia Germany declares war on France Germany invades Belgium on the way to France Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany

19. Allied Powers: Central Powers: World War I Great Britain France Russia Italy Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire

20. Schlieffen Plan: Germany would attack fast by going through neutral Belgium along the coast and defeat France swiftly, and then take on Russia in the East. Germany did NOT want to fight a war on two fronts! England declares war on Germany. Italy sides with the Allies.

21. Fighting not only in Europe…also in China, Pacific Islands, India, Africa…this was the War to End all Wars!

22. Submarine Warfare German U-Boats were sinking US ships killing many US citizens. Tensions were rising, but the US wanted to stay out of this war. Until... The Zimmerman Note: the US intercepted a letter from Germany to Mexico. Germany would support Mexico in a future war against the US if Mexico supported Germany in WWI

23. Lusitania British Ocean Liner May 7 th 1915 sunk by a German U-Boat 1200 people die including 128 Americans The lost of the Lusitania provoked great outrage in the United States and helped create the climate of public opinion that would later allow America to join the war.

26. The Conflict Grinds Along By early September Germany had swept into France and reached the outskirts of Paris September 5, 1914—At the First Battle of the Marne, Germany is forced to retreat. With this defeat the Schlieffen Plan failed because Germany was then forced to fight a two front war. As the summer of 1914 turned to fall, the war turned into a long and bloody stalemate, or deadlock, along the battlefields of France. This deadlocked region in northern France became known as the Western Front.

27. The Western Front Trench Warfare Soldiers fought each other from dug out trenches Would storm each other’s trenches Very bloody and each side would gain very little land -advanced about one mile per month Trench Video Clip All Quiet on Western Front Clip Passchendaele Clip July 31 st 1917 to Nov. 17 1917 Allies 200

28. Passchendaele Clip Battle of Passchendaele Belgium July 31 st 1917 to November 17 1917 Allies (British, French, Australian, Canadians vs Germany Causualties 400,000 to 800,000 combined Germany lost 35,000 on Oct 10th

29. War in the Trenches (#7) Conflict descends into trench warfare—armies fighting from trenches. Battles result in many deaths and very small land gains. Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary. New weapons only lead to more deaths. The slaughter reached a peak in 1916. –February 1916: Battle of Verdun—Each side lost more than 300,000. –July-November 1916: The Somme—Each side suffered more than 500,000 casualties. –Only 5 miles were gained in each of these battles.

30. Trench warfare Life in the trenches ClipLife in the trenches Clip Doc. Indiana Jones Trench Clip

31. Trench Conditions Trenches were infested by rats and disease-dead bodies littered the ground Food was scarce and sleep was almost impossible due to constant artillery blasts

32. “The men slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed mud”

33. Trench Warfare

36. “No Man’s Land”

37. Trench Warfare New Weapons Machine Guns: created huge # of casualties Tanks: slow and hard to control Poison Gases: painful and effective in trench warfare Large Artillery: destruction of trenches, cities,... Airplanes: used towards the end of the war

38. Machine Gun: Caused Huge # of Casualties

41. Flame Thrower

42. Artillery

44. Artillery: Constant bombardment of trenches and long range destruction BEFORE AFTER

45. Airplanes

46. Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (1892 – 1918) was a German fighter pilot known as the "Red Baron". He was the most successful flying ace of World War I, being officially credited with 80 confirmed air combat victories. He was killed in combat with Canadian pilots near the Somme River Fly Boys Clip

47. airplanesZeppelin Fly Boys Zeppelin Clip

48. WWI Tanks

50. British Tank German Tank

51. British Mark I tank on September 26, 1916

52. Poison Gas Use During WWI

53. Types of Poison Gas

54. Tearing Agent ( lachrymatory) France used it first in 1914 Causes temporary blindness Inflames the nose and throat Gas mask offered good protection Similar to mace and pepper spray No long term effects if used properly Some forms would freeze in cold weather and not work (Eastern Front)

55. US Army Basic Training Gas Chamber

56. Asphyxiant First Used by the Germans in 1915 Poisonous gases Chlorine (First developed by Germany) Chlorine is a powerful irritant that can inflict damage to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. At high concentrations and prolonged exposure it can cause death by asphyxiation Gas Masks were effective in filtering Chlorine

57. British Use of Chlorine Gas Commander of British II Corps, Lt.Gen. Ferguson (officially) said of gas: “It is a cowardly form of warfare which does not commend itself to me or other English soldiers.... We cannot win this war unless we kill or incapacitate more of our enemies than they do of us, and if this can only be done by our copying the enemy in his choice of weapons, we must not refuse to do so” First attempt was a disaster as wind blew gas back into British Trenches. Also many British troops were not equipped with gas masks

58. Phosgene First Developed by the French in 1915 Odorless and hard to detect Often used mixed with an equal volume of chlorine, with the chlorine helping to spread the denser phosgene. Some of the symptoms of exposure took 24 hours or more to manifest 85% of the 100,000 deaths caused by chemical weapons during World War I

59. Blistering Agent Mustard gas Attacks any exposed, moist skin Eyes, lungs, armpits groin, etc…. Caused huge blisters “Heavy” gas as it laid in areas for hours sometimes days Fatal victims sometimes took four or five weeks to die of mustard gas exposure.[32]

60. How was poison gas used?

65. Before gas masks soldiers used socks soaked in urine to filter out poison gas

66. Equipment

72. Gas Victims

73. Poison Gas Victim: “It seemed as if my lungs were gradually shutting up and my heart pounded away in my ears like the beat of a drum. On looking at the chap next to me I felt sick, for green stuff was oozing from the side of his mouth”

77. Estimated gas casualties[34] Nation Fatal Non-fatal Russia 56,000 419,340 Germany 9,000 200,000 France 8,000 190,000 British Empire 8,109 188,706 Austria-Hungary 3,000 100,000 USA 1,462 72,807 Italy 4,627 60,000 Total 88,498 1,240,853