1. (3) Organize information processing centers environment, the various functions and details Controls over vulnerabilities: Interception controls: Interception can be partially deterred by physical access controls at data centers and offices, including where communication links terminate and where the network wiring and distributions are located. Encryption also helps to secure wireless networks. Availability controls: The best control for this is to have excellent network architecture and monitoring. The network should have redundant paths between every resource and an access point and automatic routing to switch the traffic to the available path without loss of data or time. Access/entry point controls: Most network controls are put at the point where the network connects with external network. These controls limit the traffic that pass through the network. These can include firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software.

2. (3) Organize information processing centers environment, the various functions and details Some basic concepts: Data versus Information DataInformation Data refers to raw, unevaluated facts, figures, symbols, objects, events, etc. Data may be a collection of facts lying in storage, like a telephone directory or census records Information is a meaningful and useful data for user to make decisions. Information involves the communication and reception of intelligence or knowledge. It appraises and notifies, surprises and stimulates, reduces uncertainty, reveals additional alternatives or helps eliminate irrelevant or poor ones Telephone directory is the example of Information.

3. (3) Organize information processing centers environment, the various functions and details Some basic concepts: Characteristics of Information The characteristics of good information are Relevance Timeliness Accuracy cost-effectiveness Reliability Usability Information is relevant if it leads to improved decision making. It might also be relevant if it reaffirms a previous decision. If it does not have anything to do with your problem, it is irrelevant. For example, information about the weather conditions in Paris in January is relevant if you are considering a visit to Paris in January. Otherwise, the information is not relevant.

4. (3) Organize information processing centers environment, the various functions and details Some basic concepts: Value of Information Information has a great impact on decision making, and hence its value is closely tied to the decisions that result from its use. Information does not have an absolute universal value. Its value is related to those who use it, when it is used, and in what situation it is used. In this sense, information is similar to other commodities. For example, the value of a glass of water is different for someone who has lost his way in Arctic glaciers than it is to a wanderer in the Sahara Desert. Economists distinguish value from cost or price of a commodity incurred to produce or procure the commodity. Obviously, the value of a product must be higher than its cost or price for it to be cost-effective.

5. (3) Organize information processing centers environment, the various functions and details

6. (3) Organize information processing centers environment, the various functions and details