1. Industrialization created large C.I.T.I.E.S. Chapter 1: An Age More Golden than Gilded?

2. C.C. Cities grow rapidly  At the founding in 1787, only about 5% of Americans lived in cities  By 1900, it was 50%  Today, it is about 80% Chapter 1: An Age More Golden than Gilded?

3. I.I. Immigrants flood to cities  Irish, Italian, and Jewish immigrants were the main groups Chapter 1: An Age More Golden than Gilded?

4. T.T. Transportation: subways and trolley  The first subway in U.S. : Boston in 1897 Chapter 1: An Age More Golden than Gilded?

5. I.I. Industrial growth  Industrial growth fueled urbanization  Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, New York, and Pittsburgh were major manufacturing centers Chapter 1: An Age More Golden than Gilded?

6. E.E. Extra services: sewer/water  Mass of people meant services were needed  New York’s sewer system dates from 1850 Chapter 1: An Age More Golden than Gilded?

7. S.S. Slums and tenements  Slums: overcrowded and rundown living areas in a city  Tenements: apartment buildings built for immigrants that were often overcrowded and a fire hazard Chapter 1: An Age More Golden than Gilded?