1. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI ACS Imaging of Intermediate-Age Star Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud: Clues to the Nature of Multiple Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters Paul Goudfrooij Collaborators: Thomas Puzia (HIA  U. Catolica de Chile) Vera Platais (STScI) Rupali Chandar (U. Toledo) Jason Kalirai (STScI) Leo Girardi & Stefano Rubele (Obs. Padova - INAF) Leandro Kerber (U. Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil)

2. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Motivation Assembly of Stellar Populations in Galaxies one of the most popular questions in current astronomy Globular Clusters constitute important “fossil records” of galaxy assembly, tracing major epochs of star formation Good understanding of galaxy assembly requires good understanding of formation and evolution of globular clusters and their relation with field population Antennae (Whitmore et al. 2010) NGC 1316 (Goudfrooij et al. 2001, 2004) M87 (e.g., Peng et al. 2006)

3. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI GCs are “Simple” Stellar Populations (?) SSP: Assembly of coeval stars born out of gas with a single chemical composition Star clusters constitute best example of SSP HST/ACS CMD of NGC 6397 (Richer et al. 2008) CMDs of several Galactic GCs render them “text book” examples of SSPs, even when using > 100 HST orbits to “put them to the test”

4. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI The most massive Galactic GCs are not “simple” Exceptional case: Omega Centauri Most massive Galactic GC, 4  10 6 M  currently Large spread in [Fe/H] among RGB stars (known since seventies) Main Sequence also split into two “main” ones (Bedin et al. 2004) Higher [Fe/H] population associated with higher He abundance (Piotto et al. 2007) Villanova et al. (2007) Bedin et al. (2004)

5. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI M54 (third most massive Galactic GC) In center of Sgr dwarf galaxy which is being tidally disrupted by Milky Way (currently close to edge of bulge) Several populations in CMD –Younger ones associated with dwarf galaxy RGB spectroscopy: Ensemble of stars shows element abundance ratios very similar to that of  Cen (Carretta et al. 2010)  Cen and other very massive (and metal-poor) GCs likely had similar history and were able to capture/retain stars from former dwarf galaxy hosts Siegel et al. (2007)

6. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI LightElements Star-to-Star Variations of Light Elements Most GC stars have constant [Fe/H], but significant variations in light elements (C,N,O,Na,Mg,Al) Known since the early 80’s (e.g., Pilachowski et al. 1983) “Na-O anticorrelation” Produced by CNO- cycle H burning But: Amplitude of effect not typically seen among field stars Carretta et al. (2010) Field giants

7. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI LightElements Star-to-Star Variations of Light Elements Field giants Carretta et al. (2006) RGB stars MS stars NGC 2808 NGC 2808 also present among MS stars in GCs Na-O anticorrelation also present among MS stars in GCs Abundance variations must have been “primordial ” P-capture processes require T ~ 40-70 x 10 6 K –HBB regions of 3-8 M  AGB stars (D’Ancona, Ventura, Denissenkov) –Massive stars, e.g. in binaries (de Mink et al. 2009) GCs able to retain winds from such stars (10 - 20 km/s) and experience secondary star formation?

8. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Photometric evidence of CNO abundance variations Likely effect of N abundance (CN, NH) due to p-capture process M4 “only” 8 x 10 4 M  –V esc ~ 18 km/s, enough to retain AGB winds –Mass was much higher when 3-8 M  AGB stars were around! M4: Marino et al. (2008) WFC3 Filters CN NH Goudfrooij et al. (2010)

9. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Why look at Intermediate-Age GCs? Old age of Galactic GCs precludes direct insight into nature of secondary population(s) –Only know that it happened within the first few Gyr Half-mass dynamical t relax < 1.5 Gyr for Galactic GCs (except  Cen) –Any initially dynamically separated populations now well-mixed Magellanic Clouds host several 1-2 Gyr old clusters –Some are as massive as typical Galactic GCs –Age ≤ Relaxation time, so 2 nd population might still be recognizable spatially if it exists –Advent of HST/ACS allowed deep enough photometry to study this

10. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI First indication of presence of multiple populations in intermediate-age GCs in LMC: Wide (claimed bimodal) MSTO in NGC 1846 (Mackey & Broby-Nielsen 2007; ACS snapshot program) Two other LMC GC candidates discussed by Mackey et al. (2008) and Goudfrooij et al. (2009) Eight additional candidates with ages 1-2 Gyr shown by Milone et al. (2009) Appears to be common feature Are we witnessing the secondary population(s) responsible for the Na-O anticorrelations in Galactic GCs?

11. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI “Not so Fast…” Bastian & de Mink (2009): Broad MS turnoff regions in 1-2 Gyr old populations can be produced by stellar rotation –Many late A - early F stars (1.2 < M/M  < 1.7) known to rotate rapidly –Rotating stars have reduced gravity and hence lower T eff –Simulate CMD with random orientations and various  distributions > Note: Only MS stars affected significantly

12. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI ACS CMDs of Intermediate-Age LMC GCs Goudfrooij et al. (2009, 2010)

13. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI ACS CMDs of Intermediate-Age LMC GCs Goudfrooij et al. (2009, 2010)

14. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Radial Distributions of “Young” & “Old” MSTO stars If wide MSTO due to 2 (or more) populations: –Secondary populations formed from matter shed in slow winds of AGB stars or massive (binary) stars after cooling flow to cluster center (D’Ercole et al. 2008) –Expect younger population(s) to be more centrally concentrated than first one (if age < t relax ) If due mainly to stellar rotation: –faster rotating stars initially more centrally concentrated due to higher gas density and more rapid collapse (McKee & Tan 2003) “old” “young” RGB/RC/AGB (young + old) Blue: “young” or “slow rotator” Red: “old” or “fast rotator” Black: Mixture

15. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Radial Distributions of “Young” & “Old” MSTO stars Blue: “young” or “slow rotator” Red: “old” or “fast rotator” Black: Mixture Less massive GCs: no significant difference More massive GCs: “younger” stars clearly more centrally peaked Evidence for age effect Goudfrooij et al. (2010)

16. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Calculated GC masses using SSP models (for mean age & [Fe/H]) and Salpeter IMF Estimated masses at birth using stellar evolution models & GC disruption model of Fall & Zhang (2001) plus effect of (evolving) mass density –Stellar evolution: 40% of mass lost within first 300 Myr –Two-Body Relaxation as function of GC mass density (McLaughlin & Fall 2008) Calculate escape velocities v esc  (M/r h ) 1/2 Effects of Mass, Radius, and GC Dissolution

17. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Wind speeds for rapidly rotating or binary massive stars: –v  ~ 10-100 km/s Intermediate-mass (3–8 M  ) AGB stars: –v  ~ 10-20 km/s Effects of Mass, Radius, and GC Dissolution

18. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Wind speeds for rapidly rotating or binary massive stars: –v  ~ 10-100 km/s Intermediate-mass (3–8 M  ) AGB stars: –v  ~ 10-20 km/s The more massive LMC clusters were likely able to retain that material The more massive LMC clusters were likely able to retain that material Same scenario for Galactic GCs? Effects of Mass, Radius, and GC Dissolution

19. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Concluding Remarks and Future Work Intermediate-age GCs very useful benchmarks to study nature of secondary populations in GCs spread in age Wide MSTO in (at least the more dense) intermediate- age GCs most likely due to spread in age –Projected v esc values high enough to retain winds from AGB stars or material shed by massive binaries or rotating massive stars Are we witnessing the cause of the Na-O anticorrelations in Galactic GCs? Cycle 18 HST/WFC3 program to get deep U, g, I images of 17 intermediate-age GCs in SMC & LMC (10 ‘new’ GCs) –Search for presence of light-element abundance variations as predicted based on the models –Establish robust fraction of such GCs hosting wide MSTOs

20. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI MSTO Regions Incompatible with SSP(s) 1 or 2 SSPs with binaries cannot properly reproduce MSTO morphology (Goudfrooij et al. 2009, 2010)

21. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Age Spread among Subpopulations in  Cen Very hard to constrain for such old populations Photometric and spectroscopic study of MS turnoff stars, using [Fe/H] and He constraints on isochrones Age dispersion 2 – 4 Gyr, only significant for most metal-rich stars Stanford et al. (2006)

22. July 28, 2010 Paul Goudfrooij HotSci @ STScI Radial Distributions of “Young” & “Old” MSTO stars Blue: “young” or “slow rotator” Red: “old” or “fast rotator” Black: Mixture