1. Organic Chemistry

2. What is it? Study of compounds involving carbon –Carbon has the ability to make chains and rings with itself –Thousands of compounds contain only Carbon and Hydrogen –Millions with other elements added Usually, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Halogens

3. Patterns Within the millions of compounds there are patterns that emerge –Carbon forms 4 Bonds –Hydrogen forms 1 Bond –Oxygen forms 2 Bonds –Halogens form 1 Bond

4. Identifying Compounds Name – Based on naming conventions (Usually IUPAC) Molecular Formula – Shows actual number of atoms present C 4 H 8 O 2 Empirical Formula – Shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms C 2 H 4 O Structural Formula – Shows how the atoms are arranged CH 3 COCH 2 CH 2 OH

5. Cont. Graphical Formula – Shows how the atoms are arranged in space and bonded Similar to Lewis Structures but w/o the dots – CH 3 COCH 2 CH 2 OH

6. Cont. Skeletal Formula – Abbreviated form of graphical formula often omitting carbons and hydrogens CH 3 COCH 2 CH 2 OH

7. Example – Draw the structural, graphical, and skeletal formula for C 3 H 8

8. Example – Draw the structural, graphical, and skeletal formula for C 5 H 8 O 2

9. Example – Draw the structural, graphical, and skeletal formula for C 4 H 6

10. Homework Organic Worksheet #1

11. Alkanes Straight chain organic compounds containing only C, H, and sometimes halogens All carbons are sp 3 hybridized General formula C n H 2n+2 1 C = CH 4 6 C’s = C 6 H 14

12. Properties Nonpolar – Dissolve other nonpolar compounds –Hydrophobic – Water hating Good Lubricants and metal preservers C 1 to C 4 = (Gas) Fuels - Methane C 5 to C 8 = (Liq.) Fuels - Gasoline C 9 to C 16 = (Viscous Liq.) – Diesel Fuel C 17 and Up = (Very Viscous) - Greases

13. Cont. http://web.mst.edu/~wlf/chem381/chap11.html

14. Hydrocarbons and Saturation Hydrocarbons are compounds that only contain Carbon and Hydrogen Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons –Carbons are saturated with hydrogen Compounds with double or triple bonds are unsaturated (more later)

15. Alkane Nomenclature Alkanes are named according to the longest carbon chain. (per IUPAC rules) System of prefixes to determine the number of carbons that are present. 1 = meth, 2 = eth, 3 = prop, 4 = but, 5 = pent 6 = hex, 7 = hept, 8 = oct, 9 = non, 10 = dec All alkanes end in -ane

16. Example – Draw the structural, graphical, and skeletal formula for ethane and butane

17. Example – Give the name and graphical formula for an alkane with 7 Carbons

18. Alkane Nomenclature Alkanes end in –ane Alkanes without branches are named according to the number of carbons Alkanes with branches are named according to longest chain of carbons The longest chain is numbered so that substituents receive the lowest number

19. Cont. When more than one of the same substituents is present use the prefixes di- tri-, tetra- If two or more substituents are present they are listed alphabetically (except prefix) Numbers are separated by commas, numbers and letters by hyphens

20. Substituent Groups Alkyl Groups – A hydrocarbon missing a hydrogen CH 3 – Methyl CH 3 CH 2 – Ethyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 – Propyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 – Butyl Halogens Cl – ChloroBr – Bromo F – Fluoro I – Iodo

21. Name the alkane

28. Other Alkyl Groups Isopropyl Sec-Butyl Isobutyl Tert-butyl

29. Name the alkane

33. Isomers Same formula different compound Structural Isomers –Completely different bonding pattern Stereoisomers –Same bond pattern

34. Draw and name the isomers of C 4 H 10

35. Homework Organic Worksheet #2 Read pages 51-60