1. + Aim: How did discoveries in Science lead to new ways of thinking for Europeans? Do Now: Team Building Exercise Paper Towers Unit Essential Question: How did Enlightenment thinkers inspire revolutionaries to push for radical changes in government and society?

2. + Understanding a “Paradigm Shift” What is this? What else is this? What had to happen to shift your perspective? “I see a bird.” “I see a rabbit!”

3. + Paradigm Shift “Paradigm” = Greek word for pattern “Normal Science” = the standard paradigm “Anomalies” = things that cannot be explained by normal science “Paradigm Shift” = a new paradigm is created to account for anomalies from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) by Thomas Kuhn Kuhn is an Ohio boy! (He’s from Cincinnati)

4. + The Joke About The Three Monks Why are we, human beings, sometimes so threatened by paradigm shifts?

5. + The Original Paradigm was Developed by the Greeks.

6. + The Knowledge of the Greeks Ptolemy. 90-168 AD Astronomer in Alexandria, Egypt

7. + Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 - 1543. Poland. Priest, mathematician & astronomer. Heliocentric model. On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

8. + Tycho Brahe 1546-1601. Denmark (then Sweden). Mapped the stars. Documented a new star or “nova.” Observatory at Uraniborg.

9. + Johannes Kepler 1571-1630. German (But spent much time in Prague, Austria & Uraniborg as Brahe’s understudy). Developed laws of planetary motion. Astronomia Nova, 1609

10. + Galileo Galilei 1564-1642. Italian. Scientist.

11. + Hypothesis Test InvalidateValidate Retest & Debate Conclusion The Scientific Method

12. + René Descartes 1596-1650. French. Philosopher & Mathematician

13. + Francis Bacon 1561-1626. English. Philosopher, writer, statesman. The New Atlantis (1627) What does the illustration reflect about Bacon’s vision of science and humanity?

14. + Isaac Newton 1643-1727. English. Reflecting Telescope Theory of Light & Color Calculus (Disputed with Leibnitz) Three Laws of Motion Gravity

15. + Eventually SOMEBODY will discover anomalies in the Newtonian model of the universe, as well. Another paradigm shift will occur.

16. + Aim: What effects did Enlightenment philosophers have on government & society? Do Now: How did science lead to the Enlightenment?

17. + Philosophy in the Age of Reason Scientific Revolution transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world. Natural laws – laws that govern human nature Locke v Hobbes – Social contract – an agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society Natural rights – rights that belonged to all humans from birth.

18. + Philosophes – lovers of wisdom Voltaire – defends freedom of thought Diderot – Encyclopedia Rousseau – people are naturally good The Social Contract Wollstonecraft – women were being excluded

19. + Physiocrats – thinkers who focused on economic reforms Laissez Faire – allowing a business to operate with little or no government interference Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations Increasing influence towards Industrial Revolution

20. + AIM: As Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, what cultural and political changes took place? Do Now: What were some of the major ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers?

21. + Enlightened Despots Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change Frederick the Great Catherine the Great Joseph II Against Enlightenment – censorship (restricting access to ideas and information) Pro Enlightenment – salons (informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes and others exchanged ideas)

22. + The Arts and Literature 1600 & 1700s the Arts evolved to meet changing tastes Courtly art – baroque: grand complex style to rococo: personal, elegant and charming Middle-class audiences Trends in music: ballets and operas (Bach, Handel, Mozart) The Novel: long works of prose fiction

23. + Class work 1. Work in groups of three to complete Enlightened Despot Chart 2. Share Out 3. Individually write a plan of action.

24. + *Exception Most Europeans were untouched by either courtly or middle-class culture. REMAINED peasants until late 1700s….

25. + Let’s Summarize… Questions/comments/concerns?