1. Byzantine Empire Constantinople prospered, lasted 1000 yrs Located on the Bosporus strait; linked Mediterranean and Black Seas Center of trade route linking Europe and Asia Culture blended ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian traditions Guarded on three sides by water, built elaborate land and sea walls to protect city

2. Empire withstood attacks by Persians, Slavs, Arabs, Vikings, Mongols, and Turks Conquered in 1453 by the Turks, renamed Istanbul, became capital of Ottoman Empire and center for Islamic Culture

3. Justinian Built Hagia Sophia –Romanesque: domes, rounded arches, columns Body of civil law from Rome; guided international law today Autocrat: ruler with absolute power had large bureaucracy to carry out orders Power over the church (Christ’s co-ruler on Earth): Combined secular and spiritual power –Got to appoint patriarch; rejected Pope

4. Hagia Sophia

6. Justinian

7. Stole silkworm eggs from China (pirating) –Punishable by death Established silk business Money economy- gold coins instead of barter like the West 1054: Schism- permanent split; Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each other!

8. Schism in the Christian Church Eastern Orthodox Priests can marry Spoke Greek Easter major holiday Banned use of icons Followed the Patriarch Roman Catholic Priests are celibate Service in Latin Christmas major focus Used images of Christ and Saints Followed the Pope

9. Russia Ural mountains separate Europe from Asia Northern forests: lumber for building and fuel, furs South: fertile land for farming Southern Steppe: open, treeless grassland, pasture for herds and horses of nomads Rivers: transportation Moscow became capital (near important river trade routes Use Cyrillic alphabet

11. 1200 Russia conquered by Mongols, led by Genghis Khan Absolute power of Mongols served as model for later Russian leaders Mongol rule cut off Russia from Western Europe 1380 Defeated the Mongols, Czar Ivan the Great (III) Ivan the Terrible forces serfs to stay on the land, kills nobles who revolt, destroys towns that do not support him

13. Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Europe Eastern Europe made up of small kingdoms (duchies, led by dukes; principalities, led by princes) Fought each other Conflicting religions, ethnicities –Jews fled to Poland