1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences March 5 Lecture 51

2. 2014 Psychology Career Panel 6 March 2014 | 6:00-7:00PM | BUCH A103 This event will feature UBC alumni whose degree in psychology has led them down a successful career path. Attendees and panelists will have a chance to interact in a short mix-and-mingle session that will follow the panel discussion. PSA membership required. Light refreshments will be served! No RSVP required. Description of the alumni & event: www.psa.psych.ubc.ca

3. A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 3

4. 4 Achievement and Physical Health: 1. Are there sex differences in self-esteem? (continued) 2. Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity?

5. 5 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 2. review explanations for sex differences in self-esteem. 3. identify sex differences in domain-specific forms of self- esteem. 1. discuss (a) sex differences in self-esteem and (b) the developmental trajectory associated with sex differences in self-esteem.

6. 6 5. discuss sex differences in mortality rates across the life span among Canadians. 4. define the term morbidity paradox.

7. 7 Research has revealed a relatively small sex difference in global self-esteem: Are there sex differences in self-esteem? (continued)

8. 8  Kling, 1999 Conducted a meta-analysis of 184 papers published between 1987-1995: 216 effect sizes, 97,121 participants. Examined the influence of sex and age on global self-esteem. Found an overall effect size of.21.

9. 9 Graphic Representation of a.21 Effect Size (Kling, 1999) 92%

10. 10 Age Effect Size for Self-Esteem 7-10.16 11-14.23 15-18.33 19-22.18 23-59.10 > 60-.03 Effect Size for Global Self-Esteem as a Function of Age (Kling, 1999)

11. 11 Age Effect Size for Self-Esteem Australia.24 Canada.24 Norway.24 United States.17 Miscellaneous.31 Effect Size for Global Self-Esteem in Diverse Countries (Kling, 1999)

12. 12 Emergence of Sex Differences in Global Self- Esteem (Heaven & Ciarrochi, 2008)

13. 13 Explanations for the lower levels of global self-esteem among females than males: 1.Gender roles. 2. Imbalances in cross-sex interactions in childhood. 3. Differential treatment of boys and girls in school.

14. 14 5. Pervasive violence against girls and women. 4. Differential athletic participation by boys and girls. 6. Cultural emphasis on appearance among females: Body dissatisfaction is so common among females that it has been termed a “normative discontent” (Rodin et al., 1985).

15. 15 Nevertheless, the relatively small sex difference in global self-esteem has led some theorists to caution against excessive focus upon it. This may: 2. Lead to self-fulfilling prophecies among females: 1. Result in neglect of the challenges to self-esteem that are experienced by boys and men. Females obtain higher scores than males on some domain-specific forms of self-esteem:

16. 16 Domain-Specific Form of Self- Esteem Effect Size Athletic self-esteem.41 Appearance self-esteem.35 Behaviour conduct self- esteem -.17 Moral-ethical self-esteem-.38 Effect Sizes for Domain-Specific Forms of Self-Esteem (Gentile et al., 2009)

17. 17 Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity? Although males have higher mortality rates than females, females have higher morbidity rates than males.

18. 18 1.Mortality  More males are conceived than females: (100 females:120-160 males; Stillion, 1995).  However, birth rates (100 females:105 males) suggest that male fetuses are more likely to die than female fetuses (Matthews & Hamilton, 2005).  After birth, death rates are higher for males than females at all ages, with the exception of >85 years.

19. AgeMaleFemale Male:Female Death Ratio 1-41,1469091.26 5-142712021.34 15-241,6526512.54 25-341,8458212.25 35-443,6172,1671.67 45-548,4825,5111.54 55-6414,8299,3841.58 65-7422,75315,8051.44 75-8435,64932,9411.08 > 8524,89844,533.56 Annual Number of Deaths by Sex and Age (Statistics Canada, 2010) 19

20. 20 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 2. review explanations for sex differences in self-esteem. 3. identify sex differences in domain-specific forms of self- esteem. 1. discuss (a) sex differences in self-esteem and (b) the developmental trajectory associated with sex differences in self-esteem.

21. 21 5. discuss sex differences in mortality rates across the life span among Canadians. 4. define the term morbidity paradox.