1. ANTHROPOMETRY AND PRODUCT DESIGN
Telkom university

2. ANTHROPOMETRY
Terminologically, anthropometry comes from the word “anthropos” which means human and “metron” which means measurement (Bridger,1995). According to Sanders & Mc Cormick (1987); Pheasant (1988), and Pulat (1992), anthropometry is body dimension measurement or other physical body characteristics that relevant with the design of something that used by people. Every product design, whether simple or complex design, should be oriented to the users’ anthropometry.

3. Anthropometrics can be defined as a study which related with the measurement of human’s body dimension. Widely, Anthropometry can be used as an ergonomics consideration in product design or work system that needs human interaction. The ergonomics aspects in a facility build and design process are very important factors in support the development of production service.

4. There are 3 Basic Design you need to know
Product design for individual with extreme dimension.
Example: determining the minimum width and height of emergency door.
Product design for the average measurement.
Example: public facility design, such as restroom, waiting chair, etc.
Product design that can be operated in certain range measurement.
Example: car chair design that can be slided forward or backward, and the angle of the back rest also can be changed.

5. Aplication :
Work station design (work station, car interior,etc)
Work equipments design (tools, helmet, machine, dll).
Consumptive products design (clothes, chair, desk, etc).
Physical work environment design.

6. Based on how to measure, anthropometry is divided into two; (1) Anthropometry statics (2) Anthropometry dynamics

7. Anthropometry statics, where the measurements are taken to human body in static position. The measured dimension are taken linearly and in the body surface.

8. Anthropometry dynamics, where the measurements are taken in various body position while moving, so it will be more complex and difficult to measure.

9. Factors that cause variation of body dimension
a) Age Human body dimension will be grown since born until around 20 years old for man and 17 years old for woman. And then it will decrease in age 60 years old. b) Gender Generally, man has bigger body dimension except for chest and hip. c) Ethnic Dimension variation will be emerged, because of ethnic influence. d) Work Daily work activities also causing the differences in human body dimension.

10. Body Position While Working
Pulat (1992) gave several considerations about the best type of work that can be done in sitting position: 1. A work that needs an accurate control on feet; 2. The main work is writing or needs an accuration on hands; 3. Do not need large force; 4. Do not need hands to work on more than 15 cm height work base while holding the object; 5. Need high level of body stability; 6. The work takes long time to be done. 7. All the objects that being done or supplied are still within reach in sitting position.
1. Sebuah pekerjaan yang membutuhkan kontrol yang akurat pada kaki;
2. Pekerjaan utama adalah menulis atau membutuhkan akurasi di tangan;
3. Tidak perlu kekuatan besar;
4. Tidak perlu tangan untuk bekerja pada lebih dari 15 cm ketinggian dasar kerja sementara
memegang obyek;
5. Perlu tingkat stabilitas tinggi tubuh;
6. Pekerjaan membutuhkan waktu lama untuk dilakukan.
7. Semua benda yang sedang dilakukan atau diberikan masih dalam jangkauan dalam duduk
posisi.

11. the guidance to arrange the height of work base in sitting position as follow:
1. If it is possible, provide a table that can be adjusted upward and downward; 2. The work base should be possible for arm to hang in relax position from shoulder, with forearm approach to horizontal position or sloping down slightly; and 3. The height of work base does not need excessive flexion of backbone.

12. several considerations for the best type of work that can be done in standing position:
1. No space for feet or knee rest; 2. Should hold object with more than 4,5 kg weight; 3. Often to reach upward, downward and sideward; 4. Often to work with pressing downward motion; high mobility required.

13. Work Station Design and DynamicsWork Posture
While Das (1991) and Pulat (1992) stated that the combination of sitting and standing position is the best position than only standing or sitting. This is because the possibility of workers to change the work position to reduce muscle fatigue because unnatural or static posture in a work position.

14. Choosing Work posture toward Various Type of Work
2nd Choice

15. Percentile
Percentile is a value that shows certain percentage of people that have the size in the percentage or below the percentage. For example, (95th percentile shows that 95% people are in or below the value and can use the product). To determine the anthropometry data in normal distribution, it can be formulated from mean and standard deviation of the data. From the value, it can be determined the percentile value according to the probability tabel of normal distribution.

16. Design Method using Anthropometry
The steps of work system design by considering the anthropometry factor generally are as follows (Roevuck, 1995): 1. Determine the design needs (establish requirements) 2. Define and describe the users’ population. 3. Sample selection that will be taken the data. 4. Determine the required data (body dimension that will be used) 5. Determine the source of data (body dimension that will be measured) and percentile that will be used. 6. Prepare the measurement tools that will be used 7. Data acquisition 8. Processing DataNormality Test Data Uniformity Test Data, Sufficiency Test Data, Percentile Calculation Data

17. 9. Design Visualization by consider:
Normal body position
- Allowance (Clothes and clearance)
- Motion variation
10. Design result analysis

18. Normality Processing Data and Percentile using SPSS:
1. Input data of dimension value in data view
2. Enter to variable view, change the collumn with dimension name.
3. Data Processing :
Click analyze, choose descriptive statistics, then explore.
Input all variables as dependent variables.
Checklist both to toolbox display.
Choose statistic: checklist descriptive, percentiles, then continue.
Choose plots: checklist none to box plots, stem and leaf to descriptive.
Checklist normality plots with test, then continue.
Choose options: checklist exclude cases listwise, then continue.
Click continue. Processing Data Results are shown in the output.

19. Anthropometric Measuring Tools
Anthropometer
Tape
Medical scale
Sliding Calipers: large and small
Spreading Caliper

20. Anthropometry Today Biometrics Nutrition and wellness Ergonomics
Weight Training
Ergonomics
dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones.
Everyday life
Evolutionary Significance
Changes in humans overtime
Monitor growth in children
Cranial Anthropometry

21. Biometrics
the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics
Verification vs. identification
Verification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves confirming or denying a person's claimed identity
Identification: Who am I?

22. Biometrics
the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics
Forensics: criminal identification and prison security
Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks
Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry and key-less ignition
Border control and national ID cards

23. Biometrics Programs Fingerprint Identification
Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand for authenticating a user's identity
Face Location: an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the location and size of every human face
Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification

24. Biometrics in Use BenGurion Airport: Hand Geometry
FacePass: Face Verification
Heathrow Airport- Iris
INSPASS: Hand Geometry
Grocery Store Payment: Fingerprint
US- Visit Program

25. Cranial Anthropometry
Also known as Craniometry
measurement of the skull and face
3 ways to categorize the skull
dolichocephalic: long and thin
brachycephalic: short and broad
mesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth

26. Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones
g (glabella)
gn (gnathion)
obi (otobasion inferius)
op (opisthocranion)
po (porion)
en (endocanthion)
eu (eurion)
ex (exocanthion)
ft (frontotemporale)
fz (frontozygomaticus)

27. Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones (cont.)
n (nasion)
sn (subnasale)
t (tragion)
tr (trichion)
v (vertex)
zy (zygion)

28. Cranial Anthropometry Facial Zones
Maximal cranial breadth
Maximal cranial length

29. 3- D Anthropometry
3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the measurement of entire populations
Programs:
Cyberware
DigiSize
CySlice
Ear Impression 3-D Scanner
SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software.
CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65
Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.

30. Future Endeavors of Anthropometry?

31. Human anatomy
Study of the structure of the human body (anatomy = to cut apart, to dissect)
Biomechanically, one can describe the human body as a basic skeleton whose parts are linked in joints; the members have volumes and mass properties and are moved by muscles.
Understanding the properties, capabilities, and limitations of the body allow us to design equipment and tools that use and enhance human strengths.

32. Human Physiology
Study of the functions of the human body, of all activities characteristic of living matter
(physi-o-logy = study of nature).
2. Living organisms made up of cells; Cell is composed of protoplasm, the physical basis of our life.

33. (BODILY) SYSTEM
Group of organs acting together to accomplish some overall bodily function: • Skeletal system • Muscular • Nervous • Circulatory • Respiratory • Digestive • Excretory • Reproductive • Endocrine

34. Body Measurement
Body measurements are usually defined by the two endpoints of the distance measured.
Example
starts at the floor on which the subject stands and
extends to the highest point on the skull.
Height: Vertical point-to-point, straight-line
Breadth: Horizontal point-to-point, straight-line
Distance: Straight-line, point-to-point measurement between landmarks on the body
Curvature: Point-to-point measurement following a contour

37. Standardization of body measurement:
ISO began to standardize anthropometric measures and measuring
technique in the 1980s.
ISO/DIS ,2,3 (
ISO/DIS Basic human body measurements for technological design -- Part 1: Body measurement definitions and landmarks
ISO/NP Basic human body measurements for technological design -- Part 2: Statistical summaries of body measurements from individual ISO populations
ISO/NP Basic human body measurements for technological design -- Part 3: Worldwide and regional

38. Measurement technique:
1. Classical technique:
Shortcoming: Simple but time consuming;
Many bony landmarks cannot be projected easily onto grids
Contact measurements cannot be made on certain sensitive parts
Body dimensions unrelated to each other, not a 3-D picture

39. Measurement technique:
2. New technique: Photograph, video, laser-based anthropometry Laser: distance-measuring device to determine the shape of irregularbodies. Markers: be placed on points of surface so that the laser can recognize them. * V-scope analysis Tool for measurement and recording the motion of bodies in 1-D,2-D, and 3-D Tracking technology: Emit infrared signal → trigger ultrasonic Response signal Components: Towers, Buttons, Micro computer The principle of measurement: each tower sends an infrared signal, a button activated the button beeps; Given the speed of sound, the time it takes for the “beep” can be converted into distance.

40. Anthropometric measurement
• Standing /sitting (static) posture • Reaches – “functional” data Body postures at work Such data are used for engineering design (e.g., workstation, equipment design…)

41. Static anthropometry

43. Functional / dynamic anthropometry
Body data at work or to achieve a desired posture

47. Anthropometric data Variability
Sources of variability: • Measurement(e.g., population samples selected) • Intra-individual (e.g., longitudinal study on statue from young to old) • Inter-individual (e.g., cross-sectional study, people of different ages, sizes… included in the sample set) • Secular: (e.g., statue, weight increases, contemporizes bigger than ancestors)

52. Athropometric statistics

53. Athropometric statistics

61. DIGITAL STADIOMETER
GPM ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS for SOMATOLOGIES and OESTEOLOGY
Finger Circumference Gauge
DIGITAL WEIGHING and MEASURING STATION

62. HARPENDEN ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
HARPENDEN SKINFOLD CALIPER
HARPENDEN SITTING HEIGHT TABLE

63. LAFAYETTE ANTHROPOMETER SET
LAFAYETTE SKIN FOLD CALIPER