1. Evolution of National Space-based PNT Policy: Lessons Learned Michael E. Shaw Former Director, National Coordination Office for Space-based PNT Meeting of the National Space-based PNT Advisory Board November 5-6, 2009

2. 2 Evolutionary Stages of National Policy Development Pre-1996 –No focused/well defined national policy on GPS or space-based PNT 1996 - 2004 –First National Policy on GPS in March 1996 Post 2004 –Released National Policy on Space-based PNT in Dec 2004

3. 3 Pre-1996: Limited National Policy on GPS Achieved GPS operational capability in mid 1990s for effort initiated in 1970s –Russian GLONASS also achieved operational capability in 1995 but quickly declined; perceived as primarily military –GPS effort was DoD/AF focused with growing interest by civil Departments, particularly FAA in early 1990s Issues/concerns –No “rules of the road” for how the various Departments and Agencies should interact or relate to each other regarding GPS Confrontation regarding the fielding of the FAA’s WAAS –Use of Selective Ability (SA) –Limited representation of civil equities in DoD/AF decision processes (e.g. the requirements process, etc)

4. 4 1996 – 2004: First National GPS Policy Released March 1996 –Goal: Overall to enhance economic competiveness/productivity; protect national security & foreign policy interests (6 specific goals) –Acknowledged growing military, civil, commercial, scientific demand –Established Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB) DoD/DOT led; Assistant Secretary level forum –Committed to discontinue use of Selective Availability Issues/Concerns –Limited ability by IGEB to influence Depts decision making No clearly articulated [or understanding of] Departmental roles/responsibilities –No civil funding equity in the DoD/AF GPS program execution Result - limited influence on DoD/AF decision making –Emerging independent international interest/efforts Initially European and then others Compatibility and interoperability between systems

5. 5 Post 2004: National Space-based PNT Policy Policy released in December 2004 –Comprehensive prescriptive national policy 10+ narrative pages; some argued at the time as too prescriptive –Established National Executive Board (Dep Sec’s), National Coordination Office (SES Director/member staffs), and Federal Advisory Board (to include international members) –Defined civil funding contribution to DoD/AF GPS program –Recognized existence of other international space-based PNT (GNSS) Introduced concepts of compatibility and interoperability Issues/concerns –Timely execution of civil funding contributions ($43.4 M in FY2010) –Space-based PNT versus all PNT (space and ground) versus Global Positioning and Timing Service (GPtS) –International efforts continue to proliferate and mature (e.g. China, etc) Compatibility, interoperability, and now potential saturation –Maintain stability of GPS/PNT policy, requirements, funding, leadership Engage senior leadership, ensure transparency, avoid isolationism Space policy review currently in progress

6. 6 Discussion