1. Exploring Mendelian Genetics Chapter 11-3

2. Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called: A. Heredity B. Genetics C. Genes D. Homozygous

3. The science that studies HOW those characteristics are passed down from one generation to the next is called: A. Heredity B. Genetics C. Genes D. Homozygous

4. Mendel theorized that there must be ___ “factors” that control each trait. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

5. Different gene choices for a trait are called: A. Genes B. Homozygous C. Heterozygous D. Alleles

6. What is the term given when a trait is controlled by two contrasting alleles?

7. What is the term given when a trait is controlled by two identical alleles?

8. When a DOMINANT allele is paired with a recessive allele, the DOMINANT trait will mask the recessive trait. This is known as the Principal of _______________? A. Traits B. Segregation C. Dominance D. Alleles

9. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions. “Nature vs Nurture” ENVIRONMENT influences expression of genes provide plan depends environmental

10. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A BO MORE than 2 choices

11. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color POLYGENIC TRAIT MORE THAN ONE GENE

12. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between MORE than ONE gene many in-between whole range

13. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

14. COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation Dominant masks recessive Recessive returns 3:1 F2F2

15. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F 2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait BLENDED DON’T SEE 3:1 Heterozygous

16. CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side BOTH SAME TIME ROAN BOTH RED WHITE NO BLENDING

17. CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

18. Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ GLYCOPROTEINS REMEMBER sugars

19. BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____________ ABO MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT

20. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

21. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

22. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

23. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

24. BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O

25. B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! A and AB see A as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

26. A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! B and AB see B as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

27. YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR O DONOR BLOOD

28. A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

29. ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT ABAB AB can only GIVE to AB BUT...

30. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A42% B10% AB4% O44%

31. ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh + Rh -

32. MOM is _____ & BABY is ____ OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh + Rh - NO PROBLEMS

33. Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this Rh+ PROBLEM Rh -

34. DIHYBRID CROSSES ( 2 traits)

35. Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

36. MAKING A CROSS with ___________________= ____________________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this: DIHYBRID CROSS TWO gene traits

37. Go to Section: Section 11-3 Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas

38. 1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND rryy HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes RRYY

39. LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

40. R R Y YR R Y Y HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y R YR Y R YR YR YR Y

41. r r y yr r y y HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ r y r yr y r yr yr yr y

42. R r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y r yr y r Yr YR yR y

43. ry RY 100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype RrYy ROUND YELLOW RrYy RrYy RrYyRrYy RrYy RrYy

44. R r Y yR r Y yR r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW MAKE ANOTHER CROSS X

45. POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RYRY ryry RyRy rYrY

46. RYRyrYry RY Ry rY ry Sign of a ______________________ cross is a _____________ ratio in offspring. 9:3:3:1 ____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green 9 3 3 1 RRYY RRYy RrYYRrYy RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy heterozygous dihybrid

47. __________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross ____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2 9 3 3 1 9:3:3:1 HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene dominant dominant recessive recessive dominant recessive

48. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES

49. pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   R R T T R T   R TR TR TR T

50. Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R R T R   t Rt Rt Rt R

51. Hybrid tall = __________ & pure wrinkled ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t r r T r   t rt rt rt r

52. Heterozygous tall = __________ & hybrid round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R r T RT r   t rt rt Rt R

53. 1. Human Genetics Genes on chromosomes #1-22 = AUTOSOMAL Genes on sex chromosomes = SEX-LINKED HUMAN GENETICS

54. 2. Human Genome Project Completed in 2003 International scientific project Identified over 90% of our genes HUGE science advancement

55. 3. Sex Linked Genes Sex-linked genes on X- chromosome are “X-linked genes” Sex-linked genes on Y- chromosome are “Y-linked genes” X chr. much LARGER than Y chr., so it carries more genes.

56. 4. Sex-linked Disorders 1. Colorblindness = cannot distinguish certain colors (red- green most common) recessive X-linked males more likely to be colorblind

57. WHY? males only need 1 recessive X to be colorblind females must have 2 recessive X to be colorblind

58. 2. Hemophilia = disorder where blood does not clot recessive X-linked men more likely to have hemophilia

59. 5. Detecting Human Genetic Disorders 1. Pedigree = diagram showing how a trait is inherited over several generations

60. Normal Male Male with condition Male CARRIER for condition

61. Normal Female Female with condition Female CARRIER for condition

62. Carrier = Person has 1 copy of a recessive allele Does not show trait