1. American Moves to the City 1865-1900 What should we do with our great cities? What will our great cities do with us? The question… does not concern the city alone. The whole country is affected by the condition of its great cities. Lyman Abbott 1891

2. THE URBAN FRONTIER 1870-1890 –US Population doubles –Population of cities tripled By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities of more than 2500 In 1860, no US city had a million people, by 1890, Philly, NY and Chicago all passed that mark. NYC was the second largest city in the world with 3.5

3. Rise of the Cities What new technology made those large cities possible? –Electric elevator (taller buildings) –Steel (even taller buildings) –Trains (brought goods) –public transportation (electric trolley) (could move around big city) Led to diversification of cities into regions

4. Rise of Cities Why move to the cities? –1.Industrial jobs –2. New technology = more comfortable living –3.Department stores

5. Problems of Urbanization No modern waste disposal Extremely unsanitary conditions Huge crime rates

6. Problems of Urbanization Slums are the worst area Dumbbell tenements 1879 7-8 stories, with 6 families to a floor.

8. The New Immigration Immigration continued at a high rate. –From 1850s-1870s more than 2 Mill. per decade. –1880s-- Five million. –1882 alone, nearly 800 Thousand.

9. The New Immigration Old immigrants mainly Germany, Ireland Assimilated well Now considered native Americans

10. The New Immigration New Immigrants from S, E Europe- Italians, Jews, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles Major differences? –1.English is not their dominant language –2. No experience in democratic governments Similarities? –Illiterate –Impoverished –Clustered together with their own kind (Little Italy, Little Poland)

11. The New Immigration Did not come looking for farming opportunities. Came looking for work, and were comfortable living in cities working industrial jobs. Americans began to fear that US a dumping ground for Europe’s refuse.

12. Southern Europe Uprooted Reasons for “America Fever” –1. Europe is overcrowded –2. “American Letters” –3. Persecution – Jews and Poles “Birds of passage”- 25% of immigrants work for a period of time then return home

13. Reactions To The New Immigration State and federal governments did almost nothing to help integrate and assimilate the new immigrants. Reasons: –Federal Government was small. –States were not used to the problems of cities. –City governments were overwhelmed.

14. Reactions To The New Immigration Political machines - (Tweed) trade votes for jobs Protestant clergy: “social gospel”- church’s job to tackle social issues Settlement Houses- instruction in English, help adjustment to city life, child care services, cultural activities Jane Addams- Hull House 1889

16. Narrowing The Welcome Mat Nativism resurrected Fears: –Anglo-Saxon stock would be watered down –Anti-Catholic prejudice. –Immigrants blamed for degradation of city government; –Unions feared cheap labor; –feared the socialism and anarchism that they brought with them.

17. Narrowing The Welcome Mat Backlash American Protective Association (1887). Unions pushed for restrictions 1882: paupers, criminals and convicts 1885: workers brought in under labor contracts. Later laws: insane, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchist and people carrying contagious diseases. 1882 Chinese banned. 1886 Statute of Liberty arose in New York

18. Churches Confront The Urban Challenge Liberal Protestants – adapt religion to modern society, reject literalism, ethical teachings of the bible, use stories as models for Christian behavior not dogma Dwight Lyman Moody

19. Churches Confront The Urban Challenge Catholic Church and Jewish faith gain strength By 1890 were 150 denominations Two new denominations: –Salvation Army. –Christian Scientists

20. Darwin Disrupts The Churches Old time religion v. liberal humanist writers. Darwin’s Origin of Species Darwinism created rifts in the churches between fundamentalists and “modernists”. Were also an increasing number of people who challenged religion entirely.

21. The Lust for Learning Increase in public education More states requiring at least a grade school education. (help control child labor) By 1900, over 6000 public HS. Increasingly, textbooks being supplied for free. Teacher education increased. Normal schools. Kindergartens, imported by Germans, became to become common. Chautauqua movement- built on lyceum movement

22. Washington v. W.E.B. DuBois Booker T. Washington. –Black champion of Black education. –Headed the black school at Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. (George Washington Carver) –Taught blacks useful trades so that they could become economically independent and gain self-respect. –Avoided challenging segregation and white superiority. –He believed that economic development and independence would lead to eventual social equality. –Believed in one step at a time.

23. Washington v. W.E.B. DuBois W.E.B. DuBois Attacked Washington as an “Uncle Tom”. First black to obtain a PH.D at Harvard. Wanted complete equality for blacks Helped to found the NAACP. Immediate v. Gradual desegregation

24. The Hallowed Halls Of Ivy Colleges and Universities exploded after the War because of –1. Morrill Act of 1862- created land grant colleges –2. Hatch Act of 1887- federal funds for establishment of ag. Experiment stations in connection with land grant colleges

25. The Hallowed Halls Of Ivy Philanthropy helps found education when states can’t Cornell 1865, Stanford 1891, University of Chicago 1892 1900. Quarter of all college graduates women Black universities increasing –Howard.

26. The March Of The Mind Influence of Darwinism –Educators abandoned moral instruction and divorced facts from values Industrialization – brought demands to practical courses and specialized vocational training in sciences Elective System William James- Pragmatism = truth of an idea was to be tested, above all by its practical consequences Medical Schools prospering- ending Indian Remedies “Good for man or beast)

27. The Appeal Of The Press Public libraries grow due to Carnegie “Poor Man’s University” Invention Linotype = growth in press, but expensive Traditional newspapers became less political Sex, scandal and sensationalism were featured in new tabloids.

28. The Appeal Of The Press Two journalistic tycoons emerged. –William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World). –Fierce competitors. –Both more than willing to bend the press to their own aims –Led to lurid tabloids and sensationalism in main- stream press- yellow journalism

29. Apostles of Reform Magazines most read by public, Harpers, Atlantic Monthly, Nation* Henry George- Progress and Poverty – population growth and fixed land amounts make property owners unfairly rich

30. Postwar Writing Dime Novels- parents hated them, kids loved them- Harlan Halsey Horatio Alger- poor people can overcome conditions and achieve success (Rags to riches) (American Dream) Poetry- Emily Dickinson

31. Literary Landmarks Rugged Realism Authors Kate Chopin- The Awakening- adultery and suicide Mark Twain William Dean Howells- editor of Atlantic Monthly Stephen Crane- Red Badge of Courage Henry James- Daisy Miller

32. The New Morality Battle in the late 19th century over morals, sexuality and the place of woman. Woodhull sisters- Woodhull and Clafin’s Weekly- Free Love Anthony Comstock- crusader for purity Results- higher divorce rates, birth control, discussion of sexual topics

33. The New Morality Comstock law 1873, outlawed “obscenity” He confiscated over 200,000 obscene pictures.

34. Families and Women in the City Urban environment put new stresses on and reshaped the family. Birthrates declined. Why? –1. Women working –2. Children are a burden in city life, not a blessing –3. Increase in divorce rates Women growing more independent. and movement for women’s suffrage was re-invigorated.

35. Families and Women in the City Charlotte Perkins Gilman- Women and Economics- women should abandon their dependent status and contribute to the community through productive involvement in the economy

36. Women’s Suffrage Movement National American Woman Suffrage Association, –Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Carrie Chapman Catt- women should vote, not because of equality, because they are keepers of society, they need public voice in city matters At first allowed to vote in local elections- education 1 st state Wyoming – “equality state” NAWSA- won’t allow black women,thought it may hurt movement Ida B. Wells- National Association of Colored Women 1896

37. Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform National Prohibition Party 1869 More aggressive approach by Woman’s Christian Temperance Union 1874- Frances Willard

38. Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform Carrie Nation “Kansas Cyclone” literally used hatchets to destroy bars Anti-Saloon League (1893). In begins to have success getting prohibition in individual states. Prohibition 18 th amendment—1919.

39. Artistic Triumphs Phonograph Edison City Beautiful Movement- make cities beautiful and promote harmony – Daniel Burnham- World’s Colombian Exposition 1893- Chicago

40. The Business of Amusement American now have more time for leisure Vaudeville Shows P.T. Barnum- “Greatest Show on Earth” 1881 Buffalo Bill Cody- Wild West Shows Baseball, Basketball, Football