1. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory Experiments and simulations with clearing electrodes Art Molvik Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Heavy-Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory at ILC Damping Rings Workshop ILCDR06 Cornell University 26-28 September 2006 UCRL-PRES-224747 Outline 1.E-cloud tools – available for ILC R&D 2.Clearing electrode experiments 3.Clearing electrode simulations 4.Summary

2. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 2 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Outline 1.E-cloud tools – available for ILC R&D 2. Clearing electrode experiments 3.Clearing electrode simulations 4.Summary

3. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 3 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 HIFS-VNL has unique tools to study ECE WARP/POSINST code goes beyond previous state-of-the-art (Celata) –Parallel 3-D PlC-adaptive-mesh-refinement code with accelerator lattice follows beam self-consistently with gas/electrons generation and evolution HCX experiment addresses ECE fundamentals relevant to HEP (as well as WDM and HIF) –trapping potential ~2kV (~20% of ILC bunch potential) with highly instrumented section dedicated to e-cloud studies Combination of models and experiment unique in the world –unmatched benchmarking capability provides credibility -‘Benchmarking’ can include: a. Code debug -b. validation against analytic theory -c. Comparison against codes -d. Verification against experiments –enabled us to attract work on LHC, FNAL-Booster, and ILC (2007) Who we are – The Heavy Ion (Inertial) Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory (HIFS-VNL) has participants from LLNL, LBNL, and PPPL.

4. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 4 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 (a) (b) (c) Capacitive array Clearing electrodes Suppressor e-e- End plate Retarding Field Analyser (RFA) GESD Q1Q2Q3Q4 K+K+ Short experiment => need to deliberately amplify electron effects: let beam hit end-plate to generate copious electrons which propagate upstream. INJECTOR MATCHING SECTION ELECTROSTATIC QUADRUPOLES 2 m long MAGNETIC QUADRUPOLES 1 MeV, 0.18 A, t ≈ 5  s, 6x10 12 K + /pulse, 2 kV beam potential, tune depression to 0.10 HCX is available for gas/electron effects studies (at LBNL) Location of Current Gas/Electron Experiments 2 m

5. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 5 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Diagnostics in two magnetic quadrupole bores, & what they measure. MA4 MA3 8 “paired” Long flush collectors (FLL): measures capacitive signal + collected or emitted electrons from halo scraping in each quadrant. 3 capacitive probes (BPM); beam capacitive pickup ((n b - n e )/ n b ). 2 Short flush collector (FLS); similar to FLL, electrons from wall. 2 Gridded e - collector (GEC); expelled e - after passage of beam 2 Gridded ion collector (GIC): ionized gas expelled from beam BPM (3) BPM FLS(2) FLS GIC (2) GIC Not in service FLS GEC

6. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 6 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 1. Ionization of gas by beam 2. Electron emission from wall 3. Axial current of electrons from end B -50 V+50 V Expelled ions Bias on clearing electrode-c (kV) Electrode current (mA) (a) (b) (c) Expelled ions  P background I collector [  A] n(Ar) [10 10 cm -3 ] Beam head Beamtail Diagnostics developed to measure all sources and some sinks of electrons (a) (b)( c) Capacitive Probe Clearing electrodes K + beam Suppressor e - from end

7. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 7 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Point source of electrons to simulate synchrotron radiation photoelectrons Electron gun operates over range ~10 eV to 2000 eV (cathode & grid indep.) <1 mA to 1000 mA Electron gun enables quantitatively controlled injection of electrons

8. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 8 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Outline 1.E-cloud tools – available for ILC R&D 2.Clearing electrode experiments 3.Clearing electrode simulations 4.Summary

9. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 9 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Clearing electrode removes all electrons from a drift region Clearing electrode ring (C) – blocks electrons from (B) when biased more negatively than -3 kV Clearing electrode ring (B) [with V c = 0] blocks electrons from (A) when biased more negatively than - 3 kV Suppressor bias = 0 V, electrons can leak back into quads along beam.

10. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 10 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Clearing electrode fields, above 2 kV bias, dominate over beam space-charge field V c = 0 kV  b = +2 kV V c = +2 kV  b = +2 kV V c = +10 kV  b = +2 kV Beam space-charge potential  b = +2 kV For ILC, probably sufficient for clearing field to dominate over beam space charge averaged over a few bunches (easier), or remove electrons in period between bunches (harder).

11. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 11 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Trapping depth of electrons depends upon their source, in a quadrupole magnet (without multipactor) Electrons ejected from end wall Electrons from ionization of gas Electrons desorbed from beam pipe in quad upon ion impact E-cloud in a quadrupole magnet [Electron mover also speeds simulation in wiggler fields] beam pipe Deeply trapped electrons Weakly trapped electrons

12. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 12 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Gridded Electron Collectors (GEC) current measures electron depth of trapping GEC collects e- along B-field lines, detrapped at end of pulse Weakly-trapped electrons Deeply-trapped electrons Beam-tail scrapes wall Beam potential contours In drift region HCX current flattops for ~4 µs (like super-bunch)

13. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 13 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Weakly trapped electrons cleared with ~300 V bias, whereas deeply trapped require >1000 V Weakly trapped electrons originate on or near a wall (beam tube) – turning points near wall. Deeply trapped electrons originate from beam impact ionization of gas, or scattering of weakly trapped electrons – turning points within beam.

14. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 14 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Outline 1.E-cloud tools – available for ILC R&D 2.Clearing electrode experiments 3.Clearing electrode simulations 4.Summary

15. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 15 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 1 WARP-POSINST code suite is unique in four ways merge of WARP & POSINST Key: operational; partially implemented (4/28/06) + new e - /gas modules 2 + Adaptive Mesh Refinement Z R concentrates resolution only where it is needed 3 Speed-up x10-10 4 beam quad e - motion in a quad + New e - mover Allows large time step greater than cyclotron period with smooth transition from magnetized to non- magnetized regions 4 Speed-up x10-100

16. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 16 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 1.Good test of secondary module - no secondary electrons: 2.run time ~3 days, - without new electron mover and MR, run time would be ~1-2 months! 1.Good test of secondary module - no secondary electrons: 2.run time ~3 days, - without new electron mover and MR, run time would be ~1-2 months! High-density electron oscillation provides benchmark of simulations WARP-3D T = 4.65  s OscillationsElectrons bunching Beam ions hit end plate (a)(b)(c) e-e- 0V 0V 0V/+9kV 0V Q4Q3Q2Q1 200mA K + 200mA K + Electrons ~6 MHz signal in (C) in simulation AND experiment (c) 0. 2. time (  s) 6. Simulation Experiment 0. -20. -40. I (mA) Potential contours Simulation Experiment (c) 0. 2. time (  s) 6. I (mA) 0. -20. -40.

17. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 17 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 HCX experiment and WARP simulations agree quantitatively on oscillation –Frequency ~ 6 MHz –Wavelength ~ 5 cm –Amplitude – see below Array of BPMs in Quad 4 verified simulation results Beam Position Monitor (BPM): electrode capacitively coupled to beam

18. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 18 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Outline 1.E-cloud tools – available for ILC R&D 2.Clearing electrode experiments 3.Clearing electrode simulations 4.Summary

19. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 19 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Diagnose e-cloud density, electron sources, emission coefficients, mitigate, measure effects on beam. Diagnose gas cloud desorption coefficients, velocity. Model combined gas and electron clouds and validate with experiment. LLNL & LBNL engineering – variety of accelerator skills including UHV, cooling, rf, working in close collaboration with physicists. Summary of capabilities

20. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 20 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Clearing electrode rings are effective at removing ‘all’ electrons from drift region -HCX experiment available for testing diagnostics and selected clearing electrode designs, between or in quads. Simulations benchmarked against experiment – accurately reproduce many details of experiment -Simulations can explore a variety of 3-D clearing electrodes or coatings to mitigate electrons -Then, experiment can test selected solutions for effectiveness Conclusions

21. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 21 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Backup slides

22. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 22 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Retarding field analyzer (RFA) measures energy distribution of expelled ions RFA an extension of ANL design (Rosenberg and Harkay) Can measure either ion (shown) or electron distributions Potential of beam edge ~1000 V, beam axis ~ 2000 V Ref: Michel Kireeff Covo, Physical Review Special Topics – Accelerators and Beams 9, 063201 (2006).

23. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 23 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 /RFA Retarding field analyzer (RFA) measures potential on axis = ion- repeller potential + beam/e- distr. => f=N e /N beam – A first – time-dependent measurement of absolute electron cloud density* Clearing electrode measures e - current + e - velocity drift => f=N e /N beam Absolute electron fraction can be inferred from RFA and clearing electrodes Beam neutralizationB, C, S onB, C off S on B, C, S off Clear. Electrode A~ 7%~ 25%~ 89% RFA(~ 7%)~ 27%~ 79% *Michel Kireeff Covo, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 054801 (2006).

24. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 24 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Simulations with beam reconstructed from slit scans – improved agreement Effects of electrons on beam – beam loading in simulation now uses reconstructed data from slit- plate measurements leads to improved agreement between simulation and experiment Semi-gaussian load => New load from reconstructed data => X' X X Reconstructed X-Y distribution from slit-plate measurements Low e- High e- No e- High e-

25. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 25 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Beam potential when electrons are detrapped can indicate their origin Requires electron bounce time (~10 ns) short relative to beam tail decay (~1 µs) High detrapping energy of electrons  gas ionization (or scattered e-) Low detrapping energy  e- from walls (or near walls). Why >400 eV width? Electrons with E t ≥ 1500 eV decrease with volume of e- Beam potential measured with RPA, from energy of expelled ions (from beam impact on gas) [Michel Kireeff Covo] Beam scrape-off + deeply-trapped electrons Weakly- trapped electrons Deeply-trapped electrons

26. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory 26 Molvik – ILCDR06 - 27 Sept 06 Electron accumulation and effects on beam transport in solenoidal field – initial experiments Short electrodes in solenoids expel or attract electrons, long electrodes collect or emit electrons along solenoidal field lines between magnets.