2. CHAPTER 4 A Tour of the Cell

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells are the building blocks of all life THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD OF CELLS Cells must be tiny for materials to move in and out of them fast enough to meet the cell’s metabolic needs

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organisms are either: –Single-celled (unicellular), such as most bacteria and protists –Multi-celled (multi-cellular), such as plants, animals, and most fungi

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leeuwenhoek What is he known for? Developed the first microscope.

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings This is Leeuwenhoek’s first microscope.

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Englishman Robert Hooke First to use the word: “Cells.”

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unfortunately, he was looking at cork cells which aren’t living structures but the remains of living cells

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Robert Brown in 1833, Scottish Scientist who discovered the nucleus of cells

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Matthias Schleiden “First to see plant cells” Theodor Schwann “First to see animal cells”

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rudolph Virchow “The Cell Theory” All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things All cells come from preexisting cells

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The light microscope is used by many scientists Microscopes as Windows to Cells –Light passes through the specimen –Lenses enlarge, or magnify, the image (a) Light micrograph (LM) of a white blood cell (stained purple) surrounded by red blood cells

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The electron microscope (EM) uses a beam of electrons –It has a higher resolving power than the light microscope

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The electron microscope can magnify up to 100,000X –Such power reveals the diverse parts within a cell Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Frog eggs Chicken egg Plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Smallest bacteria Viruses Ribosomes Proteins Lipids Small molecules Atoms Unaided eye Light microscope Electron microscope

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings SEM The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the detailed architecture of the surface of a cell (b) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of cilia (above) And a white blood cell

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings TEM The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is useful for exploring the internal structure of a cell (c) Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of a white blood cell & cilial

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The countless cells on earth fall into two categories The Two Major Categories of Cells –Prokaryotic cells –Eukaryotic cells

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several respects Prokaryotic cell Nucleoid region Eukaryotic cell Nucleus Organelles

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prokaryotic cells –Are smaller than eukaryotic cells –Lack internal structures surrounded by membranes –Lack a nucleus

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21. Prokaryotic flagella Nucleoid region (DNA) Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Pili

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Generic Animal Cell

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings An idealized plant cell

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The nucleus is bordered by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope Structure and Function of the Nucleus –It contains chromatin -a DNA-protein structure –It contains a nucleolus - which produces ribosomal parts

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

26. Ribosomes build all the cell’s proteins –Are not membrane bound Ribosomes

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA controls the cell by transferring its coded information into RNA How DNA Controls the Cell –The information in the RNA is used to make proteins Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus 1 2 Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore 3 Synthesis of protein in the cytoplasm DNA mRNA Nucleus Cytoplasm mRNA Ribosome Protein

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Many of the membranous organelles in the cell belong to the endomembrane system –Endoplasmic reticulum - rough and smooth –Golgi Apparatus –Lysosomes –Vacuoles THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTING CELLULAR PRODUCTS

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) The Endoplasmic Reticulum –Greek for ‘network within a cell’ –Produces an enormous variety of molecules –Is composed of smooth and rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The “roughness” of the rough ER is due to ribosomes that stud the outside of the ER membrane Rough ER

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The functions of the rough ER include –Producing proteins –Producing new membrane

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings After the rough ER synthesizes a molecule it packages the molecule into transport vesicles 1

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth ER The smooth ER lacks the surface ribosomes of ER Produces lipids, including steroids and sex hormones Regulates sugar Detoxifies drugs Stores calcium

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Golgi apparatus The Golgi Apparatus –Works in partnership with the ER –Refines, stores, and distributes the products of cells Transport vesicle from ER “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus New vesicle forming Transport vesicle from the Golgi “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac Lysosomes –Greek for ‘breakdown body’ –It contains digestive enzymes Isolated by membrane –The enzymes break down Macromolecules Old organelles

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lysosomes have several types of digestive functions They exit the Golgi apparatus

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –They fuse with food vacuoles to digest the food

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –They fuse with old organelles to recycle parts –Digest bacteria in white blood cells

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vacuoles are membranous sacs Vacuoles –Two types are the contractile vacuoles of protists and the central vacuoles of plants Figure 4.15 Contractile vacuoles Central vacuole (a) Contractile vacuoles in a protist(b) Central vacuole in a plant cell

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells require a constant energy supply to do all the work of life CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA: ENERGY CONVERSION

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy CHLOROPLASTS Figure 4.17 Inner and outer membranes of envelope Space between membranes Stroma (fluid in chloroplast) Granum

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, which involves the production of ATP from food molecules Mitochondria Figure 4.18 Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Space between membranes

43. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The cytoskeleton is an infrastructure of the cell consisting of a network of fibers –Microfilaments - small threads –Intermediate filaments - ropelike –Microtubules - small tubes THE CYTOSKELETON: CELL SHAPE AND MOVEMENT

44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings One function of the cytoskeleton Maintaining Cell Shape –Provide mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape

45. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure4.9x

46. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The cytoskeleton can change the shape of a cell –This allows cells like amoebae to move

47. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cilia and flagella are motile appendages Cilia and Flagella

48. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flagella propel the cell in a whip-like motion Cilia move in a coordinated back-and- forth motion Figure 4.20A, B

49. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some cilia or flagella extend from nonmoving cells –The human windpipe is lined with cilia –Smoking damages the cilia

50. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most cells secrete materials that are external to the plasma membrane This extra cellular matrix –Regulates –Protects –Supports CELL SURFACES: PROTECTION, SUPPORT, AND CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS