1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Part 5: Diseases & Disorders of the Muscular System

2. DISEASES & DISORDERS  Strains  Sprains  Cramps/ Spasms  Tendonitis  Plantar fasciitis  Carpal tunnel syndrome  Fibromyalgia  Myasthenia gravis  Dermatomyositis  Muscular dystrophy  Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy  Becker Muscular Dystrophy  Rhabdomyolysis  Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

3. MUSCLE STRAINS  Are moderate amounts of soft-tissue damage to muscle fibers that occur when a ligament or joint capsule becomes stretched beyond its elastic limits  They are usually caused by sudden, strenuous movements or trauma  Symptoms include: pain, swelling, and bruising  Muscle damage can be in the form of tearing the muscle fibers and the tendons partially or fully  Three grades of sprain severity: I, II, & III

4. GRADES OF MUSCLE SPRAINS  Grade I: is mild with an overstretching or slight tearing of the ligaments with no joint instability Person is able to put weight on it  Grade II: is moderate with partial tearing of the ligament and characterized by bruising, moderate pain and swelling Person has some difficulty putting weight on it and some joint function is loss  Grade III: severe sprain results in a complete tear or rupture of a ligament. Pain, swelling, and bruising are usually severe, unable to put weight on joint Requires immobilization and possible surgery

6. MUSCLE CRAMPS/SPASMS  Spontaneous, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle  Occurs right after an injury  Can be painful

7. TENDINITIS  Is an inflammation or irritation of a tendon  It is most often caused by repetitive, minor impact on the affect area or from a sudden injury  Risk factors include: incorrect posture, poor stretching before activity, abnormal or poorly placed bone or joint, RA, gout, & thyroid disorders  Most common in adults  Most common locations affected are the base of the thumb, elbow, shoulder, hip, knee & Achilles tendon

9. PLANTAR FASCIITIS  Is a painful inflammatory process of the plantar fascia  The plantar fascia is a thick fibrous band of tissue originating on the bottom surface of the calcaneus (heel bone) and extending along the sole of the foot towards the five toes  It occurs in two million Americans a year and 10% of the population over a lifetime  It is commonly associated with long periods of work-related weight bearing, and obesity  Symptoms include pain felt on the underside of the heel, difficulty bending the foot and increased probability of knee pains

11. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME  It is a medical condition in which the median nerve is compressed at the wrist  Leads to paresthesias, numbness and muscle weakness in the hand  Also known as median neuropathy at the wrist  Most cases of CTS are idiopathic (without known cause), genetic factors determine most of the risk, and the role of arm use and other environmental factors are disputed

13. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME  Occurs when too much pressure builds up in and around the muscles  It can result from crushing injuries, extended pressure on a blood vessel, swelling inside a cast or complications from surgery  Symptoms include severe pain, a feeling of fullness or tightness in the muscle and a tingling sensation  Numbness indicates cellular death and it may be difficult to restore full function once it reaches that point  Surgery to relieve the pressure is usually required

14. COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

15. FIBROMYALGIA--FMS  Is a disorder classified by the presence of chronic widespread pain and a heightened and painful response to gentle touch …Known as tactile allodynia  Other core features of the disorder include debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, and joint stiffness  Cause is unknown though it is suspected that its origins are genetic  Treatments are limited to pain relievers and Lyrica

16. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS  Literally means "serious muscle-weakness  Is a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigability  It is also an autoimmune disorder …in which weakness is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the simulative effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine  It is treated medically with cholinesterase inhibitors or immunosuppressants, and, in selected cases, a thymectomy.  200–400 cases per million it is one of the least common autoimmune disorders

18. DERMATOMYOSITIS  This uncommon autoimmune disease causes muscle weakness accompanied by a skin rash  It can affect anyone but is most commonly seen in adults ages 40 to 60 and children ages five to 15  Symptoms include a light purple or red rash on the face, hands, knees, chest and back and progressive muscle weakness  It may also cause difficulty swallowing, muscle pain, ulcers, fever, fatigue and weight loss  Doctors are uncertain of the cause but believe it may be genetic  Treatment includes pain management, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs.

20. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY  Is a group of muscular disorders in which there is considerable muscle degeneration and weakness  It is an inherited sex-linked trait that is predominant in males  There are 7 different forms of MD  The two most well-known forms are Duchenne and Becker MD  There is no cure for this spectrum of disorders

22. DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY  Is the most severe form of muscular dystrophy  Is caused by a problem with the gene that makes a protein called dystrophin …This protein helps muscle cells keep their shape and strength  Symptoms usually start between ages 2 and 6  By age 10 or 12, kids with DMD often need to use a wheelchair  They can also develop scoliosis and tightness in their joints  Over time a person might need a ventilator to breathe  People with DMD usually do not survive beyond their late teens or early adulthood

25. BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY  Is very similar to DMD in that it affects boys  Its symptoms may start later and can be less severe  With BMD, symptoms like muscle breakdown and weakness sometimes don't begin until age 10 or even in adulthood  People with BMD can also have breathing, heart, bone, muscle, and joint problems  Many people with BMD can live long, active lives without using a wheelchair

26. RHABDOMYOLYSIS  Is the rapid breakdown (lysis) of skeletal muscle due to injury to muscle tissue  The muscle damage may be caused by physical, chemical, or biological factors.  Rhabdomyolysis damages both the muscles and the kidneys by causing the muscle fibers to breakdown and be released into the blood stream  The fibers erode into a substance called myoglobin, which blocks the kidney structures and can lead to kidney failure  Alcoholism, heatstroke, cocaine and heroin overdoses, seizures and severe exertion are possible causes  Signs of rhabdomyolysis include weakness, muscle stiffness and pain, joint pain and weight gain.

29. FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA  Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare congenital disease that affects approximately one in two million people worldwide  It causes muscles, tendons and ligaments to be replaced with bone tissue  Since it is a congenital disease, it begins before birth but is generally diagnosed in childhood  The earliest sign is malformed big toes at birth  There are no effective treatments for FOP. Medication is usually given to treat the pain associated with the new bone formation.