1. Click the graphic for assessment

2. Learn about the different types and features of motherboards Learn how firmware on the motherboard controls what happens when you first turn on a PC before the OS is loaded Learn how to install, configure, and maintain a motherboard

3. Motherboard  Most complicated computer component  First item to consider when building a computer  Contains many detailed components Intel DX58SO motherboard is designed with the gamer in mind

4. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition4 Consider the following when purchasing a motherboard:  Form factor  Processor socket and chipset  Buses and number of bus slots  Other connectors, slots, and ports

5. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition5 Determines motherboard size, features  Compatible with power supplies, cases, processors, expansion cards Most popular  ATX, MicroATX, and Mini-ITX  Mini-ITX is smaller than MicroATX and is also known as ITX The following slides show examples of form factors and comparisons of sizes of several form factors

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8. 8 Processor socket – determines which processors a board can support  Socket holds Intel or AMD processor Sockets for Intel processors  Intel makes several Itanium and Xeon processors designed for servers

9. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition9 Sockets and processor use different methods to make contacts between them:  Pin grid array (PGA) socket  Pins aligned in uniform rows around socket  Land grid array (LGA)  Uses lands (pads) rather than pins  Examples of LGA sockets: LGA775 and LGA1366  Flip-chip land grid array (FCLGA) socket  Chip is flipped over so that the top of the chip is on the bottom and makes contact with the socket

10. Sockets and processor use different methods to make contacts between them (cont’d):  Staggered pin grid array (SPGA)  Pins staggered over socket  Squeezes more pins into a small space  Easily bent  Ball grid array (BGA)  Not really a socket  Processor is soldered to the motherboard A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition10

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12. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition12 Zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets  All current processor sockets  Side lever lifts processor up and out of the socket Sockets for AMD Processors  AMD uses the PGA socket architecture (desktops)

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14. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition14 Match a processor to the socket and motherboard  Refer to motherboard, processor compatibility documentation Figure 3-9 AMD Athlon 64 processor to be inserted into an AM2+ socket

15. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition15 Chipset: set of chips on motherboard that work with processor to collectively control:  Memory, motherboard buses, some peripherals Manufacturers  Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, SiS, and VIA Intel Chipsets  North Bridge and South Bridge - Uses hub interface  All I/O buses (input/output buses) connect to hub  Hub connects to system bus  North Bridge – fast end of hub  South Bridge – slow end of hub

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17. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition17 Intel Chipsets (cont’d)  Core i7 and X58 chipset  Referred to by Intel as Nehalem chipset  Contain memory controller within processor housing  Memory connects directly to processor  Has QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) technology  Has 16 lanes for data packets  Sandy Bridge chipset  Memory and graphics controller in processor  Second Generation Core i7 processor is an example  Sandy Bridge motherboards use DDR3 memory

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19. Intel Chipsets (cont’d)  Ivy Bridge chipset – 3 rd generation processors released in 2012  Use less power  More transistors in a smaller place  Perform better than earlier products  Uses a single Platform Controller Hub A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition19

20. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition20 AMD chipsets  AMD A-series (code name Trinity)  Designed to compete with Ivey Bridge chipsets  AMD 9-series, 8-series, and 7-series  Designed for gamer, hobbyist, multimedia enthusiast  Focus on good graphics capabilities  Support overclocking  AMD 580X Crossfire chipset  Supports ATI CrossFire  AMD 780V chipset  Designed for business needs  AMD 740G and 690 chipsets  Designed for low-end, inexpensive systems

21. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition21 NVIDIA, SIS and VIA Chipsets  All make graphics processors and chipset for AMD and Intel processors  NVIDIA’s method of connecting multiple video cards is called SLI  If planning a gaming computer using two video cards:  Look for a motherboard that supports SLI and uses the nForce chipset

22. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition22 Bus  System of pathways used for communication Carried by bus:  Power, control signals, memory addresses, data Data and instructions exist in binary  Only two states: on and off Data path size: width of a data bus  Examples: 8-bit bus has eight wire (lines) to transmit

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24. System clock (system timer) – times activities on the motherboard Speed of memory, Front Side Bus, processor, or other component is measured in hertz (Hz), which is one cycle per second  Megahertz (MHz): one million cycles per second  Gigahertz (GHz): one billion cycles per second Motherboards can have more than one bus  Table 3-4 on the following slide lists many buses A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition24

26. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition26 Conventional PCI  Improved several times  Four types of slots and six possible PCI card configurations

27. PCI-X  Uses 64-bit data path  Latest revision is PCI-X 3.0 (all revisions are backward- compatible) A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition27 Figure 3-19 The two long white PCI-X slots can support PCI-x cards

28. PCI Express (PCIe)  Not backward compatible with conventional PCI or PCI-X  Expected to replace both PCI and PCI-X in the future  Uses a serial bus, which is faster than parallel  Comes in four different slot sizes  PCI Express x1, x4, x8, and x16  Latest version is PCIe 3.0 which doubles the throughput of version 2.0 A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition28

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30. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition30 PCI Riser cards  Installs in a PCI slot and provides another slot at a right angle  Used to fit PCI, PCIe, and PCI-X cards into a low- profile or slimline case Figure 3-23 PCI riser card provides a 3.3-V slot or 5-V slot depending on which direction the card is inserted in the PCI slot

31. AGP Buses  Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) – standard used by motherboard video slots and video cards for years  Will need to know how to support it even though it is a dying technology  AGP standards include:  Three major releases - AGP 1.0, AGP 2.0, AGP 3.0  One major change in slot length – AGP Pro  Four different speeds – 1x, 2x, 4x, and 8x  Three different voltages  Six different slots A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition31

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33. Older motherboards reduced costs using:  Communication and networking riser (CNR)  Audio/modem riser (AMR)  Both accommodate small, inexpensive expansion cards (riser cards)  Modem riser card, audio riser card, network riser card  Different from NLX systems riser cards and those used to extend an expansion slot  Generally a short slot beside PCI or AGP slot

34. Four outdated bus connections on expansion cards

35. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition35 On-board ports (integrated components)  Ports coming directly off the motherboard  USB, sound, network, video, eSATA ports  Older motherboards might have mouse and keyboard ports, parallel and serial ports I/O shield  Plate installed in computer case providing holes for on-board ports Internal connectors  Parallel ATA, floppy drive, serial ATA, SCSI, USB or FireWire (IEEE 1394) connectors

36. Intel DX58SO motherboard on-board ports The I/O shield fits the motherboard ports to the computer case This is a picture from Andrews – note the I/O shield is not for the above motherboard

37. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition37 Motherboard settings  Enable or disable connector or port  Set CPU frequency, system bus, other buses  Control security features  Control what happens when PC first boots Three ways to configure older motherboards:  DIP switches, jumpers, CMOS RAM Today, almost all motherboard configuration data is stored in CMOS RAM  Program called BIOS setup or CMOS setup is used to make changes to settings stored in CMOS RAM

38. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition38 Jumper – two small posts or metal pins that stick up off the motherboard that is open or closed  Open jumper has no cover and a closed jumper has a cover on the two pins  Retain setup or installation information  Jumpers can be used to clear a forgotten supervisor or power- on password

39. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition39 BIOS configuration jumper settings

40. DIP switches used to store setup data on older motherboards Setup information about the motherboard can be stored by setting a jumper on (closed) or off (open). A jumper is closed if the cover is in place, connecting the two pins that make up the jumper; a jumper is open if the cover is not in place

41. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition41 Access the BIOS Setup Program  Press a key or combination of keys during the boot process  Varies from one manufacturer to another  See documentation for your motherboard or watch the screen near the beginning of the boot  Setup screen appears with menus and Help features

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43. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition43 Change the boot sequence  Might need to change boot sequence from hard drive to DVD  Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) – new standard slowly replacing BIOS  Interface between firmware on motherboard and the OS  Improves the boot process  UEFI is new boot option

44. Configure onboard devices  Enable/disable a port or group of ports View hard drive and optical drive information Processor and clock speeds  Some motherboards allow changing the processor speed and/or the memory multiplier Monitor temperatures, fan speeds, and voltages Intrusion detection  Can enable event logging (logs when case is opened) A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition44

45. Power-on passwords  Assigned in BIOS setup to prevent unauthorized access to the computer and/or BIOS setup utility  May be possible to set a supervisor and user password  If both passwords are set, must enter a valid password to boot the system  How to set passwords varies depending on motherboard and BIOS  Some allow a System power-on password, which will require a password be entered every boot  A Setup power-on password only requires a password be entered in order to access BIOS setup A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition45

46. LoJack  Technology embedded in the BIOS of many laptops to protect a system against theft  Must subscribe to service  Software and BIOS work together to locate a laptop whenever it connects to the Internet Drive Encryption and Drive Password Protection  Some motherboards allow you to set a password in order to access the hard drive  Password kept on drive so that it still works even if drive is moved to another computer A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition46

47. TPM chip – Trusted Platform Module chip  BitLocker Encryption in Windows 7/Vista works with this chip  Encryption key is kept on chip  Assures that a drive cannot be used in another computer Virtualization – when one physical machine hosts multiple activities that are normally on multiple machines  Virtualization must be enabled in BIOS setup for VM software to work A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition47

48. Exiting the BIOS setup menus  Most exit screens give several options A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition48

49. Startup BIOS on motherboard in control until operating system loaded and takes over PC technician must understand how startup BIOS controls the boot  Knowledge helps in troubleshooting a failed boot before operating system loaded

50. Booting  Computer brings itself up to a working state  Without user just pressing on button Hard boot (cold boot)  Turn on power with on/off switch Soft boot (warm boot)  Use operating system to reboot

51. Windows Vista menu to perform a restart Windows XP Turn off computer dialog box

52. Hard boot takes more time than a soft boot  Initializes processor and clears memory  Soft boot saves time in most circumstances If operating system boot not possible  Use power or reset buttons on front or rear of case Power switches  Power button, reset button on case front  Power switch on case back side

53. Contained on motherboard firmware chip Successful boot  Hardware, BIOS, operating system all perform without errors (single beep, text, or voice message – most will use the single beep) Boot functions  Startup BIOS runs POST and assigns system resources  Startup BIOS program searches for and loads an OS  OS configures system and completes its own loading  Application software is loaded and executed

54. The ROM BIOS manufacturer’s Web site is a good source of information about beep codes. Below is a live link that has the different BIOS manufacturer’s beep codes. http://www.pchell.com/hardware/beepcodes.shtml

56. Turn on PC power  Processor begins the boot by initializing itself  Turns to startup BIOS for instructions  Startup BIOS first performs POST  6 key steps involved

57. Startup BIOS looks to CMOS RAM to find boot device For a successful boot, a hard drive must contain a healthy Master Boot Record (MBR) and a healthy OS boot record

58. Tracks: concentric circles on drive Sectors (segments): portion of a track  Holds up to 512 bytes of data Master Boot Record (MBR)  Contains master boot program and partition table OS boot record  512-byte sector  Second sector on drive behind MBR  Contains small program pointing to a larger OS program file (BootMgr or Ntldr)

59. Numbered steps show how BIOS searches for and begins to load an operating system (in this example, Windows Vista is the OS)

60. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition60 Motherboard is considered a field replaceable unit  Need to know how to:  Update motherboard drivers  Update flash BIOS  Replace CMOS battery

61. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition61 Update motherboard drivers  Device drivers are small programs that allow software to interact with certain hardware  Use Windows internal drivers, bundled CD drivers, or download drivers from manufacturer site Flash BIOS  Process of upgrading or refreshing the ROM BIOS chip  BIOS updates are downloaded from motherboard manufacturer’s Web site or third party site  Performed if motherboard unstable, incorporating new feature, or component

62. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition62 Methods of installing BIOS updates  Express BIOS update  Update from a USB flash drive using setup BIOS  Update using a bootable CD  Recovery from a failed update “If it’s not broke, don’t fix it” – only update if you’re having trouble with a motherboard Don’t update unless the update is a later version than the one installed Update should not be interrupted while in progress

63. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition63 Replacing the CMOS battery  Choose correct replacement battery  Power down system, unplug it, press power button to drain the power, remove case cover  Use ground bracelet, remove old battery using a flat-head screwdriver, pop new battery into place

64. The coin cell is the most common type of CMOS battery

65. Consider the following when selecting a motherboard:  Form factor  The brand (Intel or AMD) and model processors the board supports  Chipset and memory speeds the board supports  Expansion slots (type and how many needed)  Hard drive controllers  Case  Price and warranty  Support A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition65

66. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition66 General process for replacing a motherboard:  1. Verify right motherboard is selected  2. Get familiar with documentation, features, settings  3. Remove components to reach old motherboard  4. Set any jumpers on the new motherboard  5. Install the I/O shield (metal plate)  6. Install motherboard  7. Install processor and processor cooler  8. Install RAM (Some techs do steps 7-8 first outside of the case and then step 6 – that is also considered an acceptable practice)  9. Attach cabling (case switches, power supply, drives)

67. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition67 General process for replacing motherboard (cont’d.)  10. Install video card on motherboard  11. Plug in PC, attach monitor, keyboard  12. Boot system, enter BIOS setup  12. Verify settings set to default  Check time and date  Make sure abbreviated POST is disabled  Set the boot order  Leave everything else at defaults  Save and exit

68. General process for replacing motherboard (cont’d.)  13. Observe POST, verify no errors  14. Verify Windows starts with no errors  15. Install the motherboard drivers  16. Install other expansion cards and drivers  17. Verify system operating properly, make final OS and BIOS adjustments (setting power-on passwords) A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition68

69. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition69 The motherboard is the most complicated of all components inside a computer Most popular motherboard form factors are ATX, MicroATX and Mini-ITX Motherboard will have one or more processor sockets Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, and SiS are the most popular chipset manufacturers Major advancements in Intel: Accelerated Hub Architecture, Nehalem chipsets, Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge chipsets

70. A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition70 Buses include conventional PCI, PIC-X, PCI Express, and AGP Some components can be built into the motherboard, called on-board components Most common method of configuring a motherboard is BIOS setup Settings that can be changed include: changing boot order, enabling or disabling onboard devices, support for virtualization, and security settings

71. Motherboard drivers and/or BIOS might need updating to fix a problem CMOS battery might need replacing When selecting a motherboard pay attention to the form factor, chipset, expansion slots, memory slots, and processors supported Study motherboard manual before installing it A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition71

72. Assessment Chapter#3

73. On-board ports are also called integrated components. True or False True or False

74. Answer True True

75. A motherboard can retain setup or installation information in different settings by using jumpers on the board. True or False True or False

76. Answer True True

77. The first step in preparing the motherboard to go in the case is to set the jumpers or DIP switches. True or False True or False

78. Answer True True

79. The power from the power supply (ATX) to the motherboard uses a P1 connector. True or False True or False

80. Answer True – Remember the AT form factor uses two: The P8 & P9 connectors True – Remember the AT form factor uses two: The P8 & P9 connectors

81. BTX is the latest variant of the ATX form factor. True or False True or False

82. Answer True True

83. A(n) ____________________ is a command to the processor to wait for slower devices to catch up.

84. Answer Wait state Wait state

85. An audio/modem riser (AMR) slot is also called a(n) ______________________________ slot.

86. Answer CNR (Communication and networking riser) CNR (Communication and networking riser)

87. Access to a computer BIOS can be controlled using a startup ____________________.

88. Answer Password Password

89. Items that can be exchanged without returning the motherboard to the factory are called _______

90. Answer FRU (Field Replaceable Units) FRU (Field Replaceable Units)

91. Three ways to set configuration information for your motherboard are ____, _____, and ______.

92. Answer A. Jumpers A. Jumpers B. Dip Switches B. Dip Switches C. CMOS settings C. CMOS settings

93. An expansion bus always connects to the faster end of the chipset, the North Bridge. True or False True or False

94. Answer False – remember the south bridge connects to the I/O which is always slow stuff like the serial, parallel port. The north bridge will handle the memory controller which controls the FSB. False – remember the south bridge connects to the I/O which is always slow stuff like the serial, parallel port. The north bridge will handle the memory controller which controls the FSB.

95. PCIe is backward compatible True or False True or False

96. Answer False False

97. The ____ and the chipset determine which processors a board can support. A. video card B. motherboard C. sound card D. modem

98. Answer B: the motherboard B: the motherboard

99. A motherboard’s ____________________ determines the size of the board and its features that make it compatible with power supplies, cases, processors, and expansion cards. Fill in the blank Fill in the blank

100. Answer form factor form factor

101. Homework Week#4 Optional Read Chapter 3 in Andrews Optional Read Chapter 3 in Andrews Do the chapter 3 questions from Andrews Do the chapter 3 questions from Andrews Lab 4 is on the ftp site – you can complete your PC build anytime. Try and have it done by week#14 Lab 4 is on the ftp site – you can complete your PC build anytime. Try and have it done by week#14 Do lab 9, 10, 11 Do lab 9, 10, 11 Read chapter 4 on the Cisco site Read chapter 4 on the Cisco site Exam 3 will be up again for a repeat on the Cisco site. Exam 3 will be up again for a repeat on the Cisco site. Exam 4 will be up for first take on the Cisco site. Exam 4 will be up for first take on the Cisco site. Remember a good computer encyclopedia is at http://www.computerlanguage.com/ Remember a good computer encyclopedia is at http://www.computerlanguage.com/ http://www.computerlanguage.com/ Put this in your favorites at home and make a link on you school computer too.