1. Presentation Pro © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magruder’s American Government C H A P T E R 10 Congress

2. 123 Go To Section: 4 Congress C H A P T E R 10 Congress SECTION 1 The National Legislature SECTION 2 The House of Representatives SECTION 3 The Senate Chapter 10 2222 3333 4444 1111

3. 123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 10 Section 1 The National Legislature S E C T I O N 1 The National Legislature Why does the Constitution divide power between the two houses of Congress? What is a term of Congress? How have sessions of Congress changed over time? 2222 3333 4444

4. 123 Go To Section: 4 Congress: Warm-Up The structure of congress is designed to ensure that all states and the people who live in them are represented fairly. How are the states represented differently in the House and Senate? Why is this structure advantageous?

5. 123 Go To Section: 4 A Bi-Cameral Congress From your notes or from pgs. 268-270… In your notebook…Identify the three reasons for having a bi-cameral legislature

6. 123 Go To Section: 4 The Constitution creates a bicameral legislature for three reasons: Two Houses of Congress Historical: The British Parliament consisted of two houses since the 1300s, and many colonial assemblies were similar in form. Practical: A bicameral legislature was necessary to compromise - the Virginia and New Jersey plans of representation. Theoretical: The Framers favored a bicameral Congress in order that one house might act as a check on the other…Slow the legislative process… Chapter 10, Section 1 2222 3333 4444

7. 123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 10 Section 1 The Role of The National Legislature S E C T I O N 1 The Role of The National Legislature Remember the definition of law? 2222 3333 4444 Public Policy, i.e., The will of the people It is the job of the National Legislature to turn public will into public policy The US Constitution - Article 1, section 1: “All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.”

8. 123 Go To Section: 4 A couple of “Terms” A term is the length of time that officials serve after an election, as in a two- or six-year term. Chapter 10, Section 1 2222 3333 4444 The date for the start of each new term has been set by the Twentieth Amendment (1933) as “noon of the 3d day of January” of every odd-numbered year.

9. 123 Go To Section: 4 Sessions of Congress Chapter 10, Section 1 A session is the regular period of time during which Congress conducts business. 2222 3333 4444 Congress adjourns, or suspends until the next session, each regular session as it sees fit. If necessary, the President has the power to prorogue, or adjourn, a session, but only when the two houses cannot agree on a date for adjournment. Only the President* may call Congress into a special session—a meeting to deal with some emergency situation. * At the State level, governors may call special sessions of state legislatures

10. 123 Go To Section: 4 Homework Review From your notes answer the following… 1.How long does a term of Congress last? 2. How does a special session differ from a regular session 3. When does Congress adjourn? 4. Who has the power to prorogue a session of congress? 5. “Congress is functioning the way the framers intended – not very well. 6. Why do some people believe the Senate is undemocratic? 7. The Articles of Confederation provided for a Congress that met for 1- year terms. Why do you suppose the framers of the Constitution created a congress that meets for a term of two years? 8. Three reasons for a bi-cameral congress??

11. 123 Go To Section: 4 The House of Representatives S E C T I O N 2 The House of Representatives What are the size and terms of the House of Representatives? How are House seats reapportioned among the States after each census? How can we describe a typical congressional election and congressional district? What are the formal and informal qualifications for serving in the House? Chapter 10, Section 2 3333 4444 1111

12. 123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 10, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 Size and Terms – THE HOUSE Use the Constitution, Article 1, section 2 (p. C2) to answer the following: Term Qualifications Number of representatives per state Three additional details

13. 123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 10, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 Size and Terms The exact size of the House of Representatives, currently at 435 members, is determined by Congress. The Constitution provides that the total number of seats in the House shall be apportioned (distributed) among the States on the basis of their respective populations. Members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms. Although there have been recent movements to limit terms, there are no limits set on the number of terms a representative may serve.

14. 123 Go To Section: 4 Qualifications for House Members Chapter 10, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 The Constitution says that a member of the House (1) must be at least 25 years of age, (2) must have been a citizen of the United States for at least seven years, and (3) must have been an inhabitant of the State from which he or she is elected. The realities of politics also require some informal qualifications, such as party identification, name familiarity, gender, ethnic characteristics, and political experience.

15. 123 Go To Section: 4 Congressional Elections Congressional elections are held on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November of each even-numbered year. Off-year elections are those congressional elections held between presidential elections. Chapter 10, Section 2 3333 4444 1111

16. 123 Go To Section: 4Reapportionment Article I of the Constitution directs Congress to reapportion—redistribute—the seats in the House after each decennial census. Chapter 10, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 As the United States grew in population, the number of representatives in the House also grew. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 set the “permanent” size of the House at 435 members, and provided for “automatic reapportionment.”

17. 123 Go To Section: 4 Current Apportionment Current Apportionment Chapter 10, Section 2 3333 4444 1111

18. 123 Go To Section: 4 Districts and Gerrymandering Under the single- member district arrangement, the voter’s in each district elect one of the State’s representatives. The general-ticket system, no longer in use, provided that all of a State’s seats were filled at-large. Districts that have unusual shapes or even defy description have sometimes been gerrymandered. Gerrymandering refers to the act of drawing congressional districts to the advantage of the political party that controls the State legislature. Chapter 10, Section 2 3333 4444 1111

19. 123 Go To Section: 4 The Senate

20. 123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 10, Section 3 The Senate S E C T I O N 3 The Senate How does the size of the Senate differ from the size of the House? How have States elected senators in the past and present? How and why does a senator’s term differ from a representative’s term? What are the qualifications for serving in the Senate? 2222 4444 1111

21. 123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 10, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 5555 Qualifications for Senators The requirements for the U.S. Senate are higher than for the House of Representatives. The Constitution says that a Senator …

22. 123 Go To Section: 4 Must be at least 30 years old Must live in the state he or she represents Must have been a U.S. citizen for at least nine years Qualifications for Senate Membership The chamber of the U.S. Senate

23. 123 Go To Section: 4 The Senate Use the Constitution, Article 1, section 3 (p. C3) to answer the following: 1. Number of Senators from each state and how they are to be chosen. 2. Length of term 3. How many are up for re-election every two years? 4. How are vacant seats (between elections) to be filled? 5. Age citizenship and residency requirement? 6. Who will serve as the president of the Senate? Under what conditions may that person vote in the Senate? 7. Who presides over the Senate when the president of the Senate is absent? 8. How did the 17 th Amendment (p.20) change the way Senators are chosen ?

24. 123 Go To Section: 4 Chapter 10, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 Size, Election, and Terms The Constitution says that the Senate “shall be composed of two Senators from each State.” Today’s Senate consists of 100 Senators. Originally, the Constitution provided that senators were chosen by the State legislatures. In 1912 the Seventeenth Amendment was passed and called for the popular election of senators. Senators serve for six-year terms. The Senate is a continuous body, meaning that all of its seats are never up for election at the same time.

25. 123 Go To Section: 4 A “continuous body” One-third of the Senate comes up for reelection every two years Senators can run for reelection as often as they desire The Senate: Facts The Senate in 1939

26. 123 Go To Section: 4 CLASSWORK  HOMEWORK PAGE 292 FULL AND COMPLETE SENTENCES SECTION 1  #1( a,b) & #2 (a,b) SECTION 2  #3 (a,b,c) SECTION 3  #4 (a,b,c)