1. How are worms different?

3. ALL WORMS are: INVERTEBRATES (no backbone) PROTOSTOMES (blastopore  mouth) COELOM TYPES: Flatworms = acoelomates Round worms = Pseudocoelomates Segmented worms = coelomates

4. FLAT WORMS (PLATYHELMINTHES) PLANARIA FLUKES TAPEWORMS

5. FLATWORMS (PLATYHELMINTHES) Planaria (Cross-eyed worm)

6. DIGESTIVE/CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS Only one opening- in and out through mouth One big cavity for digestion and circulation = Gastrovascular cavity

7. MOUTH in middle on VENTRAL SURFACE

8. NERVOUS SYSTEM CEPHALIZATION- CEREBRAL GANGLIA with 2 VENTRAL NERVE CORDS SHOW SIMPLE LEARNING

9. PLANARIA RESPIRATORY Exchange gases through skin

10. REGENERATION (Ability to regrow lost body parts)

11. REPRODUCTION HERMAPHRODITES- SEXUAL trade sperm with other worms lay eggs in protective sac on rocks Can also use REGENERATION for ASEXUAL reproduction

12. FLATWORMS PLANARIA Free living Digestive cavity with one opening/mouth in middle of body Open circulatory system (shared Gastrovascular cavity) Flame cells for excreting nitrogen waste and excess water Cephalization-Cerebral ganglia with 2 nerve cords Hermaphrodites with sexual reproduction (asexual reproduction using regeneration) Eye spots sense light and dark NO tegument or cuticle

13. FLATWORMS (Nematoda) FLUKES Leaf shaped body Covered by TEGUMENT for protection for host immune system

14. MOUTH at anterior end NOT middle of body SUCKERS (anterior and ventral) help it hold on and suck blood DIGESTIVE/CIRCULATORY shared GASTROVASCULAR cavity similar to Planaria

15. NERVOUS CEPHALIZATION Cerebral ganglia with 2 nerve cords No eyes EXCRETORY Flame cells remove nitrogen waste & regulate water

16. FLUKES REPRODUCTIVE Most hermaphrodites Some have separate sexes (Blood fluke-Schistosoma) Complicated life cycle with 2 hosts EX: Blood fluke-Schistosoma Adults live in human- sexual reproductio Larva live in snails – asexual reproduction

17. HOW DO THEY INFECT HUMANS? Larva burrow into skin Intermediate host: snail Primary host: Human Eggs pass out in feces

18. FLATWORMS FLUKES Flattened leaf shape Digestive cavity with one opening /mouth at anterior end Open circulatory system (Gastrovascular cavity) Flame cells for excreting nitrogen waste and excess water Cephalization -Cerebral ganglia with 2 nerve cords Hermaphrodites with sexual reproduction NO Eyes Parasitic with 2 suckers (anterior & ventral) for attaching to host Requires 2 hosts to complete life cycle TEGUMENT for protection from host immune system

19. FLATWORMS (Platyhelminthes) TAPEWORMS

20. SCOLEX with hooks and suckers at anterior end to help worm attach and hold on

21. NO DIGESTIVE SYSTEM No mouth/ Absorbs nutrients through its tegument

22. EXCRETORY Flame cells NERVOUS Cephalization Cerebral ganglia with 2 nerve cords NO eyes TEGUMENT protects from host digestive enzymes and immune system

23. TAPEWORMS REPRODUCTIVE Hermaphrodites- can fertilize self or trade sperm with other worms Grow by adding PROGLOTTIDS which contain both male and female reproductive organs 30 foot worm can have 2000 proglottids

24. REPRODUCTION COMPLICATED LIFE CYCLES need 2 hosts to complete life cycle EX: BEEF TAPEWORM Adults feed and reproduce in humans larva make cysts in cow

25. HOW DO THEY INFECT HUMANS? Intermediate host: cow Primary host: Human

26. FLATWORMS TAPEWORMS NO digestive system/nutrients absorbed through tegument Flame cells for excreting nitrogen waste and excess water Cerebral ganglia with 2 nerve cords Parasitic with hooks & suckers (scolex) for attachment in host Tegument for protection from host immune system and digestive juices Hermaphrodites with sexual reproduction Use PROGLOTTIDS to reproduce No Eyes