1. Other Flagellated Protozoa Giardia duodenalis Spironucleus meleagridis Trichomonas vaginalis and foetus Histomonas meleagridis

2. Giardia duodenalis Trophozoite –Two nuclei –Four pair flagella –Adhesive discs Cyst –Four nuclei in mature cysts –Four pair flagella, do not project out of cell Lack mitochondria

3. Trophozoite and Cyst

5. Giardia duodenalis

6. Spironucleus meleagridis Similar to Giardia duodenalis –Except no sucking discs –Infects galliform birds (chickens, turkey etc…) –May cause death in young birds –Life cycle similar to Giardia duodenalis

7. Trichomonadidae Anterior tuft of flagella Undulating membrane Rigid axostyle

8. Trichomonas vaginalis Venereal disease (trichomoniasis) –Both male and female Hydrogenosomes –Analogous to mitochondria –Produce ATP Treated with metronidazole

9. Tritrichomonas foetus Genital infection of cattle Causes early abortion (1-16 weeks) May cause endometritis leading to sterility Evade immune response by secreting proteases

10. Histomonas meleagridis Histomoniasis Chickens, turkeys and other gallinaceous birds No cyst form –Trophozoites cannot survive stomach acids Cloacal drinking Alteration of stomach acids

11. Histomonas meleagridis morphology A – tissue form B – early lumen form C – mature lumen form with flagella

12. Heterakis gallinarum Nematode intermediate host for Histomonas meleagridis Earthworms are paratenic hosts for both