1. Alan Brinkley, American History 14/e Chapter 1: The Collision of Cultures

2. Highlights America before Columbus America before Columbus Europe Looks Westward Europe Looks Westward The Arrival of the English The Arrival of the English © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

3. America before Columbus The Peoples of the Precontact Americas The Peoples of the Precontact Americas –The “Clovis” People –Archaeologists and Population Diversity –The “Archaic” Period © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

4. 4 North American Migrations America before Columbus

5. 5 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. How the Early North Americans Lived America before Columbus

6. The Mayan pyramid of Kukulkan (Royalty-Free/CORBIS) 6 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. America before Columbus The Growth of Civilizations: The South The Growth of Civilizations: The South  Incas  Mayas  Mexica

7. Iroquois women (Library of Congress) Iroquois women (Library of Congress) 7 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. America before Columbus The Civilizations of the North The Civilizations of the North –Complex and Varied Civilizations  Hunting, gathering, fishing  Cahokia –Mobile Societies Tribal Cultures Tribal Cultures –Agricultural Revolution  Gender roles

8. AP U.S. History 1.2 European Contact © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

9. Europe Looks Westward Commerce and Nationalism Commerce and Nationalism –A Reawakening of Commerce  After the Black Death Europe began to look outward for new sources of wealth.  Affluent Europeans gained a taste for foreign goods –Merchant class developed to meet this need –Centralized Nation-States  Weak governments were replaced  These strong Monarchs gained substantial power –Desired to strengthen their country’s economy –Find a faster route to the east. 9

10. Europe Looks Westward European rivalry and competition European rivalry and competition – European powers look to expand to gain an edge over each other –The goal is to become the most dominant on a global scale  The most wealth and the most advanced military Shift from feudalism to capitalism Shift from feudalism to capitalism –Joint Stock Company © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

11. Marco Polo leaves for the Far East (Bibliothèque Nationale de France) 11 Europe Looks Westward

12. The First to Expand Portugal Portugal –Prince Henry the Navigator  The most advanced navy in the world  Motivation was not to find a faster way east: –Wanted to create a Christian empire in Western Africa to help repel attacks from the Moors  Notable Expeditions: –Bartholomeu Dias (southern tip of Africa) –Vasco de Gama (cape of India 12

13. Prince Henry the Navigator 13

14. Europe Looks Westward Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus –Columbus’s First Voyage  Finding a faster way east  Instead accidently runs into North America –Bahamas (Japan?) –Cuba (China?) –Religious Motives for Exploration  “The new messenger from God” 14

15. EMPIRIAL TENSIONS Spain and Portugal Spain and Portugal –Who controlled the new lands? –Look to the Pope for answers  Suggests the Papal division  Portuguese King protests –Treaty of Tordesillas established © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

16. 16. Europe Looks Westward

17. The Conquistadores The Conquistadores –Hernan Cortés Conquers the Aztecs  600 men take down the great Aztec Empire  How? –Aided by disloyal Amerindian groups –Smallpox –Guns, Germs, and Steel –Brutality and Greed  The Conquistadors subjugated and almost exterminated native populations through warfare and disease 17

18. Spanish America 18 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Europe Looks Westward

19. The Encomienda System Originally started with the Conquistadors, but the Spanish would continue it. Originally started with the Conquistadors, but the Spanish would continue it. –Form of plantation agriculture, but also including mining  Forced labor of Native Americans –Highly devastating to the native population due to long hours and harsh working conditions © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

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21. Spanish Society in the New World Strict social divisions between the Spanish and Native Americans Strict social divisions between the Spanish and Native Americans All political administrators, military personnel, plantation and mine owners were Spanish All political administrators, military personnel, plantation and mine owners were Spanish © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

22. The Spanish Caste System Peninulares Peninulares –Spanish from the Old World Creoles Creoles –Spanish that were born in the new world Mestizos Mestizos –Children of Spanish and Natives Mulattos Mulattos –Children of Spanish and African Slaves Natives and African Slaves Natives and African Slaves 22

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24. Pueblo Ruins in New Mexico (CORBIS/Royalty-Free) Europe Looks Westward Spanish Northern Outposts Spanish Northern Outposts –St. Augustine (1565) –Santa Fe (1609)  mining –Pueblo Revolt of 1680  Native resistance to encomienda system © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

25. © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

26. Extermination of Native Population in Hispaniola 26

27. Primary Document Analysis The Collapse of the Spanish Encomienda System The Collapse of the Spanish Encomienda System Use the primary document analysis guide to draw conclusions from this document. © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

28. Mexico, California, and Florida, 1600 (Royalty-Free/CORBIS) 28 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Europe Looks Westward

29. De Soto in North America (Rare Books Division, Library of Congress) 29 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Europe Looks Westward

30. 30 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Europe Looks Westward The Empire at High Tide The Empire at High Tide –Spain’s Vast Empire –Rigid Royal Control –A Collision of Cultures

31. 31 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Europe Looks Westward Biological and Cultural Exchanges Biological and Cultural Exchanges –Increasing Levels of Exchange –Demographic Catastrophe –Deliberate Subjugation and Extermination –New Crops and Agricultural Techniques –A Complex Racial Hierarchy –Varied Labor Systems

32. 1633 map of Atlantic (Royalty-Free/CORBIS) 32 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Europe Looks Westward Africa and America Africa and America –Ghana and Mali –Benin, Congo and Songhay –Matrilineal Societies –Growth of the African Slave Trade

33. Europe and West Africa in the Fifteenth Century 33 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Europe Looks Westward

34. 34 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Arrival of the English –John Cabot The Commercial Incentive The Commercial Incentive –The Enclosure Movement –Chartered Companies –Mercantilism –Richard Hakluyt’s Argument for Colonies

35. John Calvin (Portrait Gallery) 35 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Arrival of the English The Religious Incentive The Religious Incentive –Doctrine of Predestination –The English Reformation –Puritan Separatists –Puritan Discontent

36. 36 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Arrival of the English The English in Ireland The English in Ireland –Subjugation of Ireland –The Plantation Model The French and the Dutch in America The French and the Dutch in America –Coureurs de Bois –Henry Hudson –New Amsterdam

37. 37 © 2012, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Arrival of the English The First English Settlements The First English Settlements –The Spanish Armada –Gilbert’s Expedition to Newfoundland Roanoke Roanoke –The First Roanoke Colony –New Colonial Charters