1. Appendicular Skeleton
Includes:
126 bones
Pectoral girdle (shoulder)
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs

2. I. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Function: to attach bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton
Includes:
Right and left clavicles (collarbones)
Right and left scapulae (shoulder blades)

3. Clavicle
Each clavicle is long, slender and S-shaped and transmits mechanical force from upper limb to the trunk
Positioned horizontally above 1st rib
Medial end of clavicle articulates with sternum
Lateral end of clavicle articulates with acromion of scapula

4. Scapula Each scapula is large, flat and triangular
Positioned in the posterior part of thorax
The spine (sharp ridge) runs diagonally across the posterior surface of the body.
The lateral end of the spine, the acromion, is the high point of the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle

5. Scapula
The glenoid cavity is inferior to the acromion and articulates with the head of the humerus = shoulder joint
The coracoid process is an anterior projection to which muscles attach

6. Upper limb 30 bones in each upper limb Humerus (arm)
Ulna and radius (forearm)
8 carpals (wrist bones)
5 metacarpals (palm bones)
14 phalanges (finger bones)

7. Humerus Longest and largest bone of upper limb
Head (proximal end) articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
Anatomical neck = groove just inferior to head
Body contains V-shaped area called deltoid tuberosity = deltoid muscle attaches
Capitulum (distal end) is a rounded knob that articulates with head of radius

8. Humerus
Radial fossa = depression that receives head of radius when forearm is flexed
Trochlea = spool shaped surface that articulates with ulna
Coronoid fossa = depression that receives part of ulna when forearm is flexed
Olecranon fossa = depression of back of bone that receives olecranon of ulna when forearm is extended

9. Ulna is medial (little finger side) bone of forearm and is longer than radius
Olecranon is on proximal end of ulna and forms the prominence of elbow
Coronoid process, together with olecranon, receives trochlea of humerus
Radial notch = depression for head of radius
Styloid process = distal end of ulna
Ulna

10. Radius Radius is lateral (thumb side) of forearm
Head (proximal end) or radius articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
Radial tuberosity = raised, rough area which attachment site for biceps brachii
Distal end articulates with 3 carpal bones of wrist
Styloid process at distal end
Most common fracture in adults over 50

11. Carpals 8 carpal bones held together by ligaments
Arranged in 2 rows (4 bones in each); named for their shape
4 of the bones form a cavity known as the carpal tunnel, through which tendons of the digits and thumb and the median nerve pass
(narrowing of this tunnel compresses the median nerve = CT syndrome)

12. Metacarpals and phalanges
Each metacarpal and phalanx consists of a proximal base, intermediate body, and distal head
Metacarpals are numbered I – V (1-5) starting with lateral thumb
Heads of metacarpals = knuckles
There are 2 phalanges in thumb and 3 in each of the other 4 digits.

13. Pelvic (hip) Girdle
Functions to provide support to vertebral column, protects pelvic organs, and attaches lower limbs to the axial skeleton
Two coxal bones (hip bones)
Pubic symphysis = anterior joint of hip bones

14. Pelvic Girdle
pelvis = basin-like structure formed from the two hip bones and the sacrum and coccyx
False pelvis = upper region; actually part of abdomen
True pelvis = lower region; contains pelvic inlet

15. Each of the two coxal bones of a newborn is composed of 3 parts:
Ilium (flank) = largest of three; iliac crest makes up upper border; greater sciatic notch makes up lower border (sciatic nerve passes through)
Ischium = lower, posterior portion of hipbone.
Hip bones

16. Hip bones Pubis = anterior and inferior part of hipbone
All 3 bones have fused by age 23.
Acetabulum = deep fossa where all 3 bones merge.; socket for head of femur
Obturator foramen = formed by ischium and pubis; largest foramen of skeleton
Hip bones

17. Lower limb 30 bones Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (lower leg)
7 tarsals (ankle bones)
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges in foot

18. Femur Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in body
Proximally, the head of the femur articulates with acetabulum of hip bone to form hip joint. Neck of femur is region below head “Broken hip” = fracture of neck of femur

19. Femur
Greater trochanter = lateral projection ; attachment site for thigh and buttock muscles.
Distally, the medial and lateral condyles of femur articulate with tibia; the patellar surface is located on the anterior surface of femur between the condyles and articulates with the patella.

20. Patella (knee cap) “little dish”
Anterior to joint between femur and tibia (knee joint)
Develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris

21. Patella (knee cap)
Functions to increase leverage of the tendon, maintain position of the tendon, and protect the knee joint
Patella glides up and down in the groove between the femoral condyles during flexion and extension.

22. Tibia
Tibia = shin bone
Tibia is the larger, medial bone of the lower leg and bears the body’s weight
Proximal end of tibia expand into lateral and medial condyles which articulate with condyles of femur

23. Tibia
Tibial tuberosity = raised anterior surface that is attachment site for patellar ligament
Medial malleolus = articulates with talus of ankle ; prominence that can be felt on medial surface of ankle

24. Shin Splints Soreness or pain along the tibia
Caused by inflammation of the periosteum brought on by repeated tugging of the attached muscles and tendons

25. Fibula Parallel and lateral to tibia Much smaller than tibia
Head of fibula articulates with lateral condyle of tibia below knee joint
Lateral malleous articulates with talus of ankle = prominence on lateral surface of ankle
Fibular notch = articulates with tibia

26. Tarsus (ankle) Tarsals = 7 bones of the ankle Posterior:
Talus (ankle bone); only bone of foot that articulates with fibula and tibia
Calcaneus (heel bone); largest and strongest of tarsals
Anterior:
Cuboid
Navicular
3 Cuneiform bones

27. Metatarsals and Phalanges
Five bones called metatarsals are numbered I – V (1-5) from medial to lateral position
Proximal base, intermediate body, and a distal head
Big toe (hallux) has 2 phalanges; all other toes have 3 phalanges

28. Arches of Feet
Bones of feet are arranged in 2 arches (longitudinal and transverse) which enable feet to support weight of body, provide distribution of body weight, provide leverage while walking.
Falling arches (flat feet) can occur if the ligaments and tendons are weakened by excess weight, abnormal posture, or genetic predisposition.

29. Comparison of Female and Male Skeleton
Bones of male are generally larger and heavier than female
Tuberosities, lines and ridges are larger in male skeleton because certain muscles of the male are larger

30. Comparison of Female and Male Skeleton
Female pelvis is wider and shallower than males.
Acetabulum faces anteriorly in female and laterally in male

31. Comparison of Female and Male Skeleton
Obturator foramen is oval in female and round in male
Pubic arch is > 90 degrees in female and < 90 degrees male