1. David Evans http://www.cs.virginia.edu/evans CS200: Computer Science University of Virginia Computer Science Lecture 23: Intractable Problems (Smiley Puzzles and Curing Cancer)

2. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 20032 Menu Review: P and NP NP Problems NP-Complete Problems

3. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 20033 Complexity Class P Class P: problems that can be solved in polynomial time O(n k ) for some constant k. Easy problems like sorting, making a photomosaic using duplicate tiles, understanding the universe.

4. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 20034 Complexity Class NP Class NP: problems that can be solved in nondeterministic polynomial time If we could try all possible solutions at once, we could identify the solution in polynomial time. We’ll see a few examples today.

5. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 20035 Why O( 2 n ) work is “intractable” n! 2n2n n2n2 n log n today 2022 time since “Big Bang” log-log scale

6. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 20036 Smileys Problem Input: n square tiles Output: Arrangement of the tiles in a square, where the colors and shapes match up, or “no, its impossible”.

8. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 20038 How much work is the Smiley’s Problem? Upper bound: (O) O ( n !) Try all possible permutations Lower bound: (  )  ( n ) Must at least look at every tile Tight bound: (  ) N o one knows!

9. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 20039 NP Problems Can be solved by just trying all possible answers until we find one that is right Easy to quickly check if an answer is right –Checking an answer is in P The smileys problem is in NP We can easily try n ! different answers We can quickly check if a guess is correct (check all n tiles)

10. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200310 Is the Smiley’s Problem in P? No one knows! We can’t find a O( n k ) solution. We can’t prove one doesn’t exist.

11. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200311 This makes a huge difference! n! 2n2n n2n2 n log n today 2032 time since “Big Bang” log-log scale Solving the 5x5 smileys problem either takes a few seconds, or more time than the universe has been in existence. But, no one knows which for sure!

12. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200312 Who cares about Smiley puzzles? If we had a fast (polynomial time) procedure to solve the smiley puzzle, we would also have a fast procedure to solve the 3/stone/apple/tower puzzle: 3

13. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200313 3SAT  Smiley     Step 1: Transform into smileys Step 2: Solve (using our fast smiley puzzle solving procedure) Step 3: Invert transform (back into 3SAT problem

14. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200314 The Real 3SAT Problem (also can be quickly transformed into the Smileys Puzzle)

15. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200315 Propositional Grammar Sentence ::= Clause Sentence Rule: Evaluates to value of Clause Clause ::= Clause 1  Clause 2 Or Rule: Evaluates to true if either clause is true Clause ::= Clause 1  Clause 2 And Rule: Evaluates to true iff both clauses are true

16. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200316 Propositional Grammar Clause ::=  Clause Not Rule: Evaluates to the opposite value of clause (  true  false) Clause ::= ( Clause ) Group Rule: Evaluates to value of clause. Clause ::= Name Name Rule: Evaluates to value associated with Name.

17. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200317 Proposition Example Sentence ::= Clause Clause ::= Clause 1  Clause 2 (or) Clause ::= Clause 1  Clause 2 (and) Clause ::=  Clause (not) Clause ::= ( Clause ) Clause ::= Name a  (b  c)   b  c

18. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200318 The Satisfiability Problem (SAT) Input: a sentence in propositional grammar Output: Either a mapping from names to values that satisfies the input sentence or no way (meaning there is no possible assignment that satisfies the input sentence)

19. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200319 SAT Example SAT (a  (b  c)   b  c )  { a: true, b: false, c: true }  { a: true, b: true, c: false } SAT (a   a )  no way Sentence ::= Clause Clause ::= Clause 1  Clause 2 (or) Clause ::= Clause 1  Clause 2 (and) Clause ::=  Clause (not) Clause ::= ( Clause ) Clause ::= Name

20. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200320 The 3SAT Problem Input: a sentence in propositional grammar, where each clause is a disjunction of 3 names which may be negated. Output: Either a mapping from names to values that satisfies the input sentence or no way (meaning there is no possible assignment that satisfies the input sentence)

21. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200321 3SAT / SAT Is 3SAT easier or harder than SAT? It is definitely not harder than SAT, since all 3SAT problems are also SAT problems. Some SAT problems are not 3SAT problems.

22. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200322 3SAT Example 3SAT ( (a  b   c)  (  a   b  d)  (  a  b   d)  (b   c  d ) )  { a: true, b: false, c: false, d: false } Sentence ::= Clause Clause ::= Clause 1  Clause 2 (or) Clause ::= Clause 1  Clause 2 (and) Clause ::=  Clause (not) Clause ::= ( Clause ) Clause ::= Name

23. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200323 3SAT  Smiley Like 3/stone/apple/tower puzzle, we can convert every 3SAT problem into a Smiley Puzzle problem! Transformation is more complicated, but still polynomial time. So, if we have a fast (P) solution to Smiley Puzzle, we have a fast solution to 3SAT also!

24. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200324 NP Complete Cook and Levin proved that 3SAT was NP-Complete (1971) A problem is NP-complete if it is as hard as the hardest problem in NP If 3SAT can be transformed into a different problem in polynomial time, than that problem must also be NP-complete. Either all NP-complete problems are tractable (in P) or none of them are!

25. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200325 NP-Complete Problems Easy way to solve by trying all possible guesses If given the “yes” answer, quick (in P) way to check if it is right –Solution to puzzle (see if it looks right) –Assignments of values to names (evaluate logical proposition in linear time) If given the “no” answer, no quick way to check if it is right –No solution (can’t tell there isn’t one) –No way (can’t tell there isn’t one)

26. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200326 Traveling Salesman Problem –Input: a graph of cities and roads with distance connecting them and a minimum total distant –Output: either a path that visits each with a cost less than the minimum, or “no”. If given a path, easy to check if it visits every city with less than minimum distance traveled

27. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200327 Graph Coloring Problem –Input: a graph of nodes with edges connecting them and a minimum number of colors –Output: either a coloring of the nodes such that no connected nodes have the same color, or “no”. If given a coloring, easy to check if it no connected nodes have the same color, and the number of colors used.

28. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200328 Phylogeny Problem –Input: a set of n species and their genomes –Output: a tree that connects all the species in a way that requires the less than k total mutations or “impossible” if there is no such tree.

29. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200329 Minesweeper Consistency Problem –Input: a position of n squares in the game Minesweeper –Output: either a assignment of bombs to squares, or “no”. If given a bomb assignment, easy to check if it is consistent.

30. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200330 Perfect Photomosaic Problem –Input: a set of tiles, a master image, a color difference function, and a minimum total difference –Output: either a tiling with total color difference less than the minimum or “no”. If given a tiling, easy to check if the total color difference is less than the minimum. Note: not a perfect photomosaic!

31. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200331 Drug Discovery Problem –Input: a set of proteins, a desired 3D shape –Output: a sequence of proteins that produces the shape (or impossible) Note: US Drug sales = $200B/year If given a sequence, easy (not really) to check if sequence has the right shape. Caffeine

32. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200332 Is it ever useful to be confident that a problem is hard?

33. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200333 Factoring Problem –Input: an n -digit number –Output: two prime factors whose product is the input number Easy to multiply to check factors are correct Not proven to be NP-Complete (but probably is) Most used public key cryptosystem (RSA) depends on this being hard See “Sneakers” for what solving this means

34. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200334 NP-Complete Problems These problems sound really different…but they are really the same! A P solution to any NP-Complete problem makes all of them in P (worth ~$1Trillion) –Solving the minesweeper constraint problem is actually as good as solving drug discovery! A proof that any one of them has no polynomial time solution means none of them have polynomial time solutions (worth ~$1M) Most computer scientists think they are intractable…but no one knows for sure!

35. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200335 Speculations Must study math for 15 years before understanding an open problem –Was ~10 until Andrew Wiles proved Fermat’s Last Theorem Must study physics for ~6 years before understanding an open problem Must study computer science for ~6 weeks before understanding the most important open problem –Unless you’re a 6-year old at Cracker Barrel But, every 5 year-old understands the most important open problems in biology!

36. 21 March 2003CS 200 Spring 200336 Charge Problem Set 6: Due Monday Minesweeper is NP complete (optional) We still aren’t sure if the Cracker Barrel Puzzle is NP-Complete –Chris Frost and Mike Peck are working on it (except Chris is off in Beverly Hills, see Daily Progress article) –Will present about their proof at a later lecture