1. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE 18-3

2. EARLY HISTORY OF THE MUGHALS The Mughals are an Islamic group who were the descendants of the Mongols, invaded and conquered India. The Word Mughal is the Indian word for Mongol 700-1000 AD the Indians prevented Mongol invasions 1000 AD the Sultan Mahmud destroys many Indian cities and makes Delhi a Sultan capital 1398 Timur the Lame destroys Delhi as an example to other Indian cities Between 1100-1600 the interaction between the Hindu and Muslim societies can best be described as a period of conflict alternated with periods of religious toleration and peaceful coalition. Timur took large parts of Northern India and other parts he looted and destroyed in a brutal fashion.

3. FIVE GREAT MUGHAL LEADERS 1.Babur 2.Akbar (grandson) 3.Jahangir (son) 4.Shah Jahan (son) 5.Aurangzeb (son) Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb

4. BABUR FINDS THE MUGHAL EMPIRE 1492 Babur becomes king at the age of 11 He is a descendant of Timur the Lame and Genghis Kahn At first his kingdom was small and in the area of present day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Sultan Babur’s lineage

5. BABUR FINDS THE MUGHAL EMPIRE Babur was a brilliant military strategist and understood his men Babur is able to win a commanding victory over the sultan of Delhi His army was greatly outnumbered 12,000 to 100,000 Babur’s conquest is shown as purple

6. AKBAR THE “GREAT ONE” Grandson of Babur A military conqueror Believed in war for its own sake always on the offensive conquering new lands His armies relied on heavy artillery to take fortified cities He will unify a land of a 100 million people Akbar’s conquest is shown as dark orange

7. THE RELIGION OF AKBAR Akbar was born a Muslim He believed in and practiced religious tolerance. – *He had wives who were Christian, Hindu and Muslim (proof that he was tolerant of other religions) – He abolished religious taxes for non-Muslims He started his own religion called the "Divine Faith". – It combined Hinduism, Jainism Islam Akbar the Great

8. THE GOLDEN AGE OF AKBAR A mixture of many cultures Persian is the Lingua Franca and the language of the high court Hindi was the most common vernacular language (Still the most important language in India today) Urdu (from the soldiers camp) was the language of the Army- A mixture of Arabic, Persian and Hindi

9. THE GOLDEN AGE OF AKBAR Arts flourished- Example is "Miniatures" small highly detailed and colorful paintings Literature-the writing of the book Akbarnamah (Book of Akbar) A great period of revived architecture – Akbar built the capital city of Fatehpur Sikri city – abandoned only after 15 years due to a lack of reliable water source Palace at Fatehpur Sikri

10. THE REIGN OF JAHANGIR AND NUR JAHAN Jahangir was the the son of Akbar. He was a weak ruler, but his Persian wife was a skilled politician. Her name was Nur Jahan

11. NUR JAHAN- A WOMAN OF POWER The Woman Persian wife Hunt tigers Rode horses Composed poetry Designed clothes She manipulated the offices of state to insure her power She put her father in the position of Prime Minister of the Mughal Court She position Khusrau, son of Jahangir as the future emperor Nur Juhan- Wife of Jahangir

12. THE REIGN OF JAHANGIR AND NUR JAHAN Nur Jahan and Jahangir did not practice religious tolerance like Akbar They supported only Islam Khusrau rebellion – Son against father – he turned to the Guru Ajun a Sikhs for support – Khusrau is defeated and ordered to be blinded The Sikhs practiced a religion that combined beliefs of Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism called Sikhism – Main goal was to build a close and loving relationship with God through meditation Emperor Jahangir receiving his two sons, Khusrau and Parviz

13. SHAH JAHAN Grandson of Akbar Feared all rivals to the throne and had them assassinated Loved two things beautiful buildings Wife- Mumtaz Mahal Under Shah Jahan there were great famines, high taxes and war

14. MUMTAZ MAHAL Mumtaz Mahal was the wife of Shah Jahan She died at 38 giving birth to her 14th child Shah Jahan was heart broken

15. THE TAJ MAHAL *Shah Jahan ordered the building of the Taj Mahal as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal’s body Perhaps one of the most beautiful buildings in the world Made of white marble and jewels Single towering marble dome and four slender towers Inside is a glittering garden of a thousand carved marble flowers inlaid with precious stones Site for the Muslim faithful today *One of the finest examples of Mughal architecture, blending Persian, Islamic and Indian styles

16. AURANGEZEB ruled from 1658-1707 Master military strategist Aggressive empire builder The Mughal empire expands to its greatest extent Aurangzeb’s conquests is shown as light orange

17. THE REIGN OF AURANGEZEB Rigidly enforced Islamic law- Shari’a no drinking, no gambling or other vices appointed censors to police his subjects morals Did not practice religious tolerance taxed non-Muslims Hindus removed from high positions Hindu temples destroyed He made too many enemies and could not hold the empire together.

18. DECLINE AND DECAY The Mughal Empire Crumbles Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war Emperor becomes a figurehead, empire breaks into separate states Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal European traders gain key ports