1. Chapter 6 Section 2

2.  Explain the History of North America and Canada  Analyze the effects of Native Americans and European Colonies

3.  Archeologists believe that nomads crossing a land bridge from Asia to Alaska first settled North America thousands of years ago.  Recent evidence suggests, however, that nomads from Central and South America may have populated North America the same time- or even before- those from Asia.

4.  Location and climate shaped various cultures later known as Native Americans.  For people of the Arctic tundra, scarce resources and lack of farmland prompted them to hunt caribou and other animals for food and fur.  By contrast, Pacific Coast peoples enjoyed a mild climate and plentiful resources.  Salmon, trees

5.  In the Southwest Native Americans used irrigation to farm dry land.  On the Great Plains, Native Americans hunted buffalo.  Native Americans in the woodlands east of the Mississippi built ceremonial mounds, hunted game, and traded.  Northeast Native Americans lived in closely knit villages, developed government, and traded.

6.  European migration had begun by the late 1500s, when Europeans came to North America in search of land, minerals, and political and religious freedom.  The Spaniards controlled Florida and a large area west of the Mississippi.  Settlements were founded as military posts or missions.

7.  The French came to North America primarily for the fur trade.  Trappers navigated rivers, such as the Mississippi and St. Lawrence setting up trading posts and collecting furs from Native Americans to ship to Europe.  Permanent settlements were located along the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi near the Gulf of Mexico.

8.  By the 1700s England had colonies or controlled land along much of the Atlantic coast and Hudson Bay.  Settlers in the north found that soil made farming difficult, but the area had good harbors, fishing, and timber.  Middle colonies- primarily cash crops to be exported.

9.  Analyze the effects of Native Americans and European Colonies  Explain the Economic Growth in the United States and Canada  Evaluate how technology and its social change  Analyze the government of the United States and Canada

10.  In 1763 France was forced to give up much of its North American empire to Great Britain.  Conflict between Native Americans and settlers.  During the 1760s the British government angered colonists by imposing new taxes and limiting their freedom.  In 1775, thirteen British colonies fought the American Revolution which resulted in a new country- the United States.  Rejecting a monarchy, a republic was established.

11.  Some American colonists did not want to break loyalty to England.  As many as 100,000 loyalists left the country, and most settled in Quebec, which England controlled.  During the 1800s English and French speaking communities in British North America feuded over colonial government policies, but fears of a United States takeover forced them together.

12.  In 1867, under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, four new colonies- Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, united as provinces of the dominion of Canada.  Neighboring areas, Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan in the west and Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland along the Atlantic Coast became provinces during the next hundred years.  Today, Canada encompasses those 10 provinces and three additional territories: The Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.

13.  During the 1800s, both the U.S. and Canada expanded west.  Example: In 1863 the U.S. bought land from France that stretched from the Mississippi river to the Rocky mountains.  Texas was an independent republic in 1836, then a state in 1845.  War with Mexico helped the U.S. acquire land in the present day states of California, Utah, Nevada, parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico.  Discovery of gold and silver boost settlement of that region.

14.  By trade or by treaty, the U.S. gained land from the Atlantic to the Pacific.  1867- Purchase of Alaska from Russia  Later, Hawaii and other islands in located in the Pacific and Caribbean.  Canada also acquired lands in this period, spreading from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Arctic to the U.S. Border  For Native Americans, however, westward expansion signaled the steady loss of their lands and restrictions on their traditional way of life.

15.  Industrialization transformed the U.S. and Canada, primarily because of waterfalls as uses of power.  Later, stream power emerged in areas that did not have moving water to utilize as a power source.  Coal supplies in PA and Ohio,  Midwestern U.S. and Ontario and Quebec became leading centers of industry and business.

16.  Growing demand for production of cotton by the textile industry made it highly valuable  Plantation owners used the labor of enslaved African Americans.  Other people worked to end slavery by enabling enslaved people to escape via the Underground Railroad.

17.  Disputes over slavery, combined with economic and political differences between the North and South led to the Civil War between the years of 1861-1865.  As a result of the victory of the Northern states against the Southern states that had left the Union, slavery was abolished and African Americans were given equal protection under the law and the right to vote.

18.  During the late 1800’s, both the U.S. and Canada encouraged the settlement of the Great Plains.  Ease growing populations.  Farm the region to provide food for urban population.  Because of dry conditions, settlers developed a special method of farming called dry farming.  Cultivating the land so that it caught and held rain.  Used steel plows and steam tractors.

19.  Late 1800s saw the completion of a transcontinental railroad in the U.S and Canada.  Possible to transport manufactured goods from east to west and raw materials from west to east.  During the early 1900s production lines for mass productions were introduced that cut cost and time needed to produce goods.

20.  Two world wars occurred during the 1900s that spurred economic growth in the U.S. and Canada.  After 1940, both countries were linked in a close partnership that included trade.  Social changes also occurred as a result of immigration.  In both the U.S. and Canada, Native Americans negotiated with governments over land trade, mineral rights.  In 1999 the Inuit, one of Canada’s native peoples, won the right to their own territory, called Nunavut.

21.  Both the U.S. and Canada are democracies with federal system.  The U.S. central government shares power with the state, the Canadian the provinces.  Drafted in 1787, the Constitution establishes a strong national government while preserving the rights of individual states and citizens.  Changes to the constitution are referred to as amendments, and the first 10 amendments are the Bill of Rights.

22.  U.S. government- 3 branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.  Canada was created as a dominion, a partially self-governing country with close ties to Great Britain.  It gained full independence in 1931, but the British government kept the right to approve changes to Canada’s constitution.  In 1982 the legislative link the Great Britain finally ended.

23.  Power to provinces increased over time.  The executive part of Canada’s government belongs to the governor-general, the prime minister, and the cabinet.  The British monarch still serves as the head of state, appointing a governor-general to act in his or her place.  The national legislature is called Parliament, and is made up of the Senate and the House of Commons.

24.  The Prime Minister, who is the head of the majority party of Parliament, is the actual head of state.  Nine judges sit on Canada’s Supreme Court.

25.  Page 145 1,3,4,5, and 7