1. Review Game Biology Midterm 2013

2. 5 points What is an independent variable? What is a dependent variable? What is a control group? Changes Measured What everything is compared to. 1

3. 5 points After learning about viruses in Biology class, Sam decides to have his cat vaccinated against feline leukemia virus. According to cell theory, are viruses, such as feline leukemia, considered living things? Why? No, because they are not composed of cells. 2

4. 10 points What is the sequence in order from the simplest level of organization to the most complex? (start with atom and end with organism) Atom-molecule- organelle-cell- tissue-organ-organ system- organism 3

5. 10 points The presence of which structure indicates that cells are NOT bacteria? Chloroplast 4

6. 5 points Which of the following body systems produces hormones that are essential for the regulation of the human reproductive cycle? Endocrine 5

7. 5 points Which physiological system includes the lungs, trachea, and pharynx? Respiratory 6

8. 5 points Which property of water is responsible for all other properties of water? Polarity 7

9. 10 points Adding acid to a solution of sugar would cause what kind of change in OH- ions and H+ ions? OH- ions would decrease H+ ions would increase 8

10. 10 points Papain, an enzyme in papaya, breaks down polymers composed of amino acids. What is the name of the polymer that Papain breaks down? Protein 9

11. 10 points An organelle found in a liver cell would best be identified as a lysosome. What is the function of a lysosome? Digestion of macromolecules and old organelles 10

12. 10 points Naomi adds cyclohexamide to cells grown in a test tube. Within minutes, she identifies short incomplete segments of proteins in the cells. On which organelle does cyclohexamide act? Ribosome 11

13. 10 pts Biochemists have created an artificial cell membrane that they hope to insert into artificial red blood cells for future dehydration and transportation into outer space. When scientists stain natural cell membranes with a heavy metal, they can view the membranes with an electron microscope. The heavy metal stains the non-polar hydrophobic tails of phospholipid membranes. If the artificial membranes resemble natural membranes, what area(s), when viewed under a microscope, would appear stained? (Note: Shading represents stains.) 12

14. 10 points A paramecium lives in a relatively hypotonic environment. Which of structure does the paramecium use to maintain homeostasis under these conditions, and how does it do so? Contractile vacuole; by expelling water from the intracellular space into the extracellular space 13

15. 5 points A scientist places a cell in a solution, and over time the cell gains mass and swells. What is the most likely explanation for the cell’s gain in mass? The solution is hypotonic to the cell. 14

16. 10 pts The diagram shows a cell membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer with a channel protein. Each x represents the same type of molecule inside or outside the cell. Facilitated diffusion moves these molecules across the cell membrane. In what direction do these molecules move and through which structure? From outside to inside through the channel protein 15

17. 5 points By what process does a sodium ion exit a cell through the plasma membrane? Passive Transport Or Active Transport ACTIVE TRANSPORT 16

18. 5 points The phosphate-phosphate bond in ATP allows it to do what for cells? Store energy 17

19. 5 points What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding? Electrons are exchanged between atoms held together by an ionic bond, but they are shared between atoms held together by a covalent bond. 18

20. 10 points What process creates ADP and energy from ATP? Hydrolysis 19

21. 10 points What is the primary function of most epithelial tissues? Lining internal or external surfaces of the body 20

22. 5 points What kind of tissue is this a picture of? Bone (connective) tissue 21

23. 5 points What is an isotope? Atoms with the same number of protons but with different number of neutrons 22

24. 10 points What are the functions of proteins? 1. help to fight disease 2. control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes 3. build tissues such as bone and muscle 23

25. 5 points What monomer makes up a nucleic acid? Nucleotide 24