1. Chapter 7 Consonantal Gestures
Professor: 鍾榮富教授
Students : 陳昱璇 ．楊之耘． 楊玉玲
na0c0007 ．Na0c0014． na0c0017

2. Consonantal Gestures Two way to describe the aspect:
1. the places of articulatory
- the targets of the gestural movements
2. the manner of articulatory
- how to approach

3. Articulatory Targets (1) bilabial (2) labiodental (3) dental
(4) alveolar
(5) retroflex
(6) palato-
alveolar
(7) palatal
(8) velar
(9) uvular
(10) pharyngeal (11) epiglottal

4. (1) Bilabial The bilabial gesture is common in English bilabial stops and nasals [ p, b, m ] bilabial fricatives allophones of the labiodental sounds [ f, v ] Ewe of West Africa [ , ] voiceless and voiced bilabial fricatives Vanuta – linguo-labials - nasals, stops, fricatives

5. (2) Labiodental Many languages , English
- the labiodental fricatives [ f, v ]
Probably no labiodental stops or nasals
- except allophones bilabial sounds
- a labiodental nasal /ɱ/, when /m/ occurs before /f/
- emphasis or symphony
Some languages have affricates
- the bilabial stop is released into a labiodental fricative

6. (3) Dental British and American English - dental fricatives [ , ] No dental stops, nasals, or laterals - except allophonically before [ , ] - as in eighth, tenth, wealth Tip, dip, nip, lip - to feel where your tongue touches the roof of your mouth

7. (5) Retroflex Stops, nasals, and fricatives all occur in English
(4) Alveolar
Stops, nasals, and fricatives all occur in English
and in many other languages.
(5) Retroflex
Made by curling the tip of the tongue up
and back so underside touches or approaches
the back part of the alveolar ridge.
- IPA [ , , ]

8. (5) Retroflex

9. (5) Retroflex

10. (6) Palato-alveolar
Gestures for [ ʃ, ʒ ] the front of the tongue is slightly domed Retroflex is exactly equivalent to apical post-alveolar
Palato-alveolar is equivalent to laminal post-alveolar
Apical – sounds made with the tip of the tongue
Laminal - sounds made with the blade
In English – the palato-alveolar sounds are
the fricatives and affricates [ ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ ]
French, Italian - nasals made the same or similar position