1. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions 1Match drugs A, B and C with the correct statements in Table 1. A cannabis B steroid C thalidomide(3 marks) InformationDrug A, B or C reduces blood cholesterol levels was recently used to treat leprosy C used by some athletes to build up muscles B may cause mental illness in some people A

2. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions 2 The drug thalidomide was once banned. Now the drug is being tested to see whether it can be used to treat the disease AIDS. Match words A, B, C and D, with the numbers 1–4 in the sentences. A the governmentB pregnant women C research scientistsD volunteers The trials will be carried out by... 1.... In the trials, the drug will be given to... 2.... The drug should not be given to... 3.... The final decision on whether the drug is licensed for use by AIDS patients will be taken by... 4.... (4 marks) A B D C

3. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions 3Caffeine is a drug present in many drinks. (a) Explain what is meant by ‘drug’. (1 mark) AA substance that affects chemical processes in the body.

4. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions Scientists asked 2500 pregnant women to record how much tea, coffee and other foods that contain caffeine they consumed each day. The scientists then compared the results of the survey with the birth mass of the women’s babies. They found that women who consumed more than 200 mg of caffeine per day were more likely to give birth to smaller babies. Following the research, the Food Standards Agency lowered the recommended caffeine intake for pregnant women from 300 mg a day to 200 mg. (b) Are the results of this survey likely to be reliable? Explain the reason for your answer. (1 mark) AYes. Large number/2500 people took part in the survey.

5. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions (c) Figure 1 shows the amount of caffeine in different drinks.

6. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions (i) What is the maximum number of cups of tea a pregnant woman could drink in one day and still be within the new recommended limit?(2 marks) A4 gains 2 marks; or else evidence of 200 ÷ 50 gains 1 mark. (ii) Caffeine increases heart rate and is linked to high blood pressure. Using the data in the chart, what type of drink would you recommend for a person whilst at work in an office? Explain the reason for your answer. (2 marks) ATea/cola, as they have the lowest caffeine concentration/the others have high caffeine.

7. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions 4Many people become addicted to drugs. (a) Explain how a person becomes addicted to drugs. (2 marks) ADrugs alter chemical processes in the body. A reference to withdrawal symptoms gains a mark.

8. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions Figure 2 shows changes in the number of drug-related deaths in the UK between 1993 and 2007.

9. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions (b) (i) Describe the pattern shown by the data.(2 marks) AThey rise and fall; peak at 46 per 10 000 in 2001. (ii) Suggest explanations for the changes in the number of deaths. (2 marks) AThey rise due to increased availability/changed social conditions and fall due to better drugs education, increased awareness, better treatment, more impure drugs, or purer heroin, for example.

10. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions (c) A city has 2 million inhabitants. How many drug-related deaths would be expected in that city in 2007? (2 marks) A880 gains 2 marks; or else evidence of 44  20 gains 1 mark.

11. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions 5New drugs have to be extensively tested and trialled before they can be given to patients. List A gives three stages in drug testing. List B gives information about each stage. Draw one line from each stage in List A to information about the stage in List B. List A: Stage List B: Information trials that include a placebo testing to see if the drug is toxic trials on small group of testing to detect side effects volunteers laboratory trials trials to determine selling price tests in which neither the patient nor doctor knows who has been given the drug (3 marks)

12. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions 6New drugs must be tested before use. A form of ultrasound is being used by scientists to test the effectiveness of drugs designed to break down potentially life-threatening blood clots. Scientists from King’s College of Medicine in London claim the technique provides a more reliable measure of the effectiveness of drugs than was previously available, and could remove the need to test new drugs on animals.

13. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions They have used the technique to test the effectiveness of a new drug – GSNQ – which dissolves blood clots. This reduces the risk of strokes. GSNQ was compared with the standard treatment of aspirin and heparin in a group of 24 patients who underwent surgery to clean a major blood vessel in the neck. Patients treated with GSNQ were found to have significantly lower numbers of clots during a three-hour period after the operation.

14. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions A member of the research team said: ‘Before this technique assessing a drug meant either doing animal tests, or taking blood from people and studying it under the microscope. Neither was a very good measure of what would actually happen when the drug was used in people.’ New drugs will still have to be thoroughly assessed in large-scale clinical trials, but the new technique will help scientists to decide which products should go to a full trial. (a) How did the scientists measure the effectiveness of GSNQ? (1 mark) AUsing ultrasound to measure effectiveness in breaking down blood clots.

15. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions (b) Give three advantages of the above method of testing GSNQ over traditional drug-testing methods. (3 marks) ANo need for laboratory tests. No need for tests on animals. Measures actual effect in body. (c) Explain why GSNQ will still need to be assessed in large- scale clinical trials before it is approved.(2 marks) AIt will still need a large-scale trial to obtain reliable results, because it is a legal requirement and to test for side effects.

16. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions 7 Table 2 Comparing the effects of a number of drugs (3 = highest effect). Describe the conclusions that can be drawn from this data. (5 marks) DrugMean dependence Mean physical harm PleasureSocial harmHealthcare costs Heroin3.002.783.0 Cocaine2.392.333.02.52.3 Barbiturates2.012.232.01.91.7 Street methadone2.081.861.81.92.0 LDS1.510.991.91.31.5 Ecstasy1.231.132.21.31.1 Cannabis1.131.051.51.01.1 Anabolic steroids0.881.451.10.81.3

17. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions AHeroin is the most dangerous drug since it has the highest effect in each of the columns. Physical harm is closely linked to dependency except for LSD, which has the lowest physical harm, and steroids which have the lowest rating for dependency, but rate fairly highly for physical harm. Pleasure is very closely linked to dependency except for ecstasy, which has a much higher pleasure rating than its dependency. Social harm and dependency are very closely linked; the rankings for each factor are almost identical. Dependency and social harm are very closely linked, with only street methadone and steroids rating higher on the social harm scale than on the dependency scale.

18. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions 8Scientists tested the drug thalidomide for effectiveness as a sleeping pill. They gave tablets to two groups, each of ten volunteers, X and Y. The tablets given to group X contained thalidomide but the tablets given to group Y did not. Neither group knew which type of tablet they were taking. The scientists observed the time taken for each person to fall asleep before and after taking the tablets. The test was repeated a further two times and the mean time taken to fall asleep calculated.

19. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions GroupMean time taken to fall asleep/minutes XPerson12345678910 Before taking tablets 47395237403230284648 After taking tablets 27321917243614222931 YPerson12345678910 Before taking tablets 364852364434 264446 After taking tablets 36494833453528244041 Table 3 The results of the test

20. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions (a) Give three ways in which the scientists tried to get reliable results.(3 marks) AUse of 10 volunteers in each group. Doing test three times. Use of placebo.

21. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions (b)Summarise the results for: (i) Group X (2 marks) ATablet effective in all. Except person 6. (ii) Group Y (2 marks) ANo overall pattern / tablet effective in some but not in others. Small differences before and after tablet.

22. © Pearson Education Ltd 2011. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. This document may have been altered from the original. B1: 3 – Assess yourself questions (c) Suggest an explanation for the results of person 10 taking tablet Y. (1 mark) APsychological effect / person thought that tablet contained drug.