1. Cold work, recovery, recrystallization

2. Example:Single crystal   = 10 6 /cm 2 State I:Annealed metal Fairly strong and ductile Low internal energy: stable

3. Cold worked   = 10 10-12 /cm 2 Very strong and brittle State II:Cold worked metal High internal energy: not very stable

4. Heated at ~0.5 T m   = 10 8 /cm 2 Dislocation alignment: Polygonization (one recovery process) Strong and less brittle Compared to state II State III:Recovered metal Internal energy is lowered

5. Recall what a grain boundary is

6. Heated at ~0.5 T m   = 10 6 /cm 2 New strain free grains are formed by nucleation Stronger than state I and ductile State IV:Recrystallization begins Internal energy is further lowered

7. Heated at ~0.5 T m   = 10 6 /cm 2 Recrystallized Stronger than state I and ductile State V:Recrystallization complete

8. In summary b We started with a single crystal and ended with a polycrystal : grain refinement b The driving force for this process is decrease in internal energy

9. For a polycrystals ( in real life) Cold worked Initial recrystallization

10. Recrystallized Grain growth

11. Some facts b Without a minimum amount of cold work (5- 15%), there is no recrystallization b After the metal is completely recrystallized, grain growth occurs b Grain growth law at a constant temperature D i 2 - D 0 2 = Kt D i = final grain size D 0 = initial grain size t = time