1. HIGHER HUMAN BIOLOGY UNIT 2 PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH Chapter 9: Biology of fertility control

2. Learning intentions What are infertility treatments and contraception based on? How is female fertility different to male fertility? How are fertile periods calculated? How do drugs that stimulate ovulation work? What is artificial insemination? What is ICSI and why is it used? Briefly describe the process of IVF

3. Biology of controlling fertility Infertility treatments and contraception are based on the biology of fertility. Males are continually fertile due to -negative feedback effect of testosterone -concentrations of FSH and ICSH are maintained at a constant level -sperm continually produced Females have cyclical fertility -very delicate interplay of gonadotrophic hormones FSH and LH and sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone -female fertility only lasts around 4 days after ovulation

4. How is the fertile period calculated? Morning temperature is measured to show temperature rise which indicates ovulation Occurs ~1 day after LH surge that triggers ovulation Caused by increase in progesterone – fertile period lasts ~3 days

6. Fertile period cont’d Viscosity of mucus -watery mucus indicates fertile period -occurs before ovulation -allows sperm to travel up through female reproductive tract. -Becomes thicker after ovulation – infertile period resumed

7. Causes of Infertility

8. Infertility in Males Low sperm count (<20 million sperm / ml ), abnormal sperm, low motility Hormonal problems due to -Stress -Poor diet -Smoking, alcohol, drugs

10. Infertility in Females

11. Estimate 30-40% of Scots have fertility problems Failure to ovulate due to -hormonal imbalance -stress Blocked oviducts -Infections (STI’s) -Fibroids -Spasms Implantation failure -Hormonal imbalance

12. Fertility treatment

13. Female Infertility Treatment Failure to ovulate can be treated with drugs that mimic FSH and LH Stimulate follicle development & ovulation

14. Female infertility treatment Drugs prevent the negative feedback effect of oestrogen FSH production stimulated Several Graafian follicles develop Drug stopped, LH is released Ovulation occurs These drugs can cause super ovulation resulting in multiple births or the production of many eggs for IVF

15. Artificial Insemination

16. The average sperm count in men is 20 to 150 million per millilitre of semen Low sperm count classified as fewer than 20 million sperm per millilitre of semen Artificial insemination is used to treat problems with sperm count Samples collected over a period of time Sperm are placed inside the uterus, near an oviduct using a catheter If male is sterile sperm from a donor can be used

17. IVF Treatment

18. IVF Hormonal treatment stimulates development of multiple follicles Scan to confirm follicles are mature Eggs removed using a hollow needle

19. Sperm collected and “best” selected Sperm & eggs combined in a dish containing nutrient medium Fertilised eggs (zygotes) incubated until they have formed at least 8 cells Healthiest embryos selected

20. More hormonal treatment (progesterone) Scan to check thickness of endometrium Maximum of 2 embryos transferred via thin catheter to uterus for implantation

22. ICSI

23. Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). If mature sperm are defective or very low in number ICSI can be used the head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg to achieve fertilisation.

24. What do I know? What are infertility treatments and contraception based on? How is female fertility different to male fertility? How are fertile periods calculated? How do drugs that stimulate ovulation work? What is artificial insemination? What is ICSI and why is it used? Briefly describe the process of IVF

25. Activities Testing your knowledge Qs p139 No’s 1-3 Pre-reading pre-implantation diagnosis preparation for activity next lesson