1. Remote Sensing Imagery Types and Sources GIS Management and Implementation GISC 6383 October 27, 2005 Neil K. Basu, Janice M. Jett, Stephen F. Meigs Jr., and Jody A. Urbanovsky

2. Contents Introduction Introduction Criteria Topics Criteria Topics Imagery Types Imagery Types Comparison of Types Comparison of Types Conclusions Conclusions Reference Reference Taurus XL rocket launches ROCSAT 2

3. Introduction Remote sensing Remote sensing Defined as the collection of data about an object from a distance Defined as the collection of data about an object from a distance Sensors Sensors Measure the transmission multiple types of reflecting and radiating waves from object surfaces Measure the transmission multiple types of reflecting and radiating waves from object surfaces Development Development Military applications Military applications Photographic to electromagnetic systems Photographic to electromagnetic systems Aircraft to satellite platforms Aircraft to satellite platforms

4. Criteria Spatial Resolution Spatial Resolution Pixel size Pixel size Spectral Resolution Spectral Resolution Bandwidth and position of sensors Bandwidth and position of sensors Coverage Extent Coverage Extent Time for image recapture Time for image recapture Scene size and swath width Scene size and swath width Format and Cost Format and Cost Software compatibility Software compatibility Price Price

5. Imagery Types Multispectral Multispectral 3-10 bands 3-10 bands Landsat 1-5, ASTER, IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) Landsat 1-5, ASTER, IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) Radar Radar Microwave signals, 1500 pulses/sec Microwave signals, 1500 pulses/sec Clouds and darkness not an issue Clouds and darkness not an issue Shadow effects Shadow effects High Resolution High Resolution 1 Panchromatic and up to 4 Multi-Spectral 0.61 m to 4 m spatial resolution most typical Airborne or Space borne Airborne or Space borne Hyperspectral Hyperspectral similar to multispectral however with 100’s of bands similar to multispectral however with 100’s of bands Airborne or Spacborne Airborne or Spacborne

6. Multispectral Example Landsat 1-3 MSS Landsat 1-3 MSS Spatial Resolution Spatial Resolution 60m x 80m 60m x 80m Spectral Resolution Spectral Resolution MS 4 bands, 500 – 1000nm MS 4 bands, 500 – 1000nm Coverage Extent Coverage Extent Time for image recapture 18 days Time for image recapture 18 days Scene size 185 x 185km Scene size 185 x 185km Format and Cost Format and Cost Data format NDF Data format NDF Cost $200 - $375 Cost $200 - $375 Diagram of Landsat

7. Multispectral This false color composite of Charleston, South Carolina, uses bands 4, 5, and 3 in the Red, Green, and Blue image processor memory planes. Synthetic Color Image This Landsat image has been transformed using an algorithm (model) to simulate natural color. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a spectral transformation that is applied to bands 3 and 4 of the Landsat image for the purpose of assessing the health and vigor of vegetated surfaces. This thematic layer is the result of classifying pixels from the Landsat image into the C-CAP land cover classification system using digital image processing techniques.

8. Radar Acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or Radio Angle Detection And Ranging. Acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or Radio Angle Detection And Ranging. Provides very different data from passive systems Provides very different data from passive systems Passive systems record long-wave infrared (heat) that is emitted from objects. Passive systems record long-wave infrared (heat) that is emitted from objects. Radar is an Active system which creates its own radiation Radar is an Active system which creates its own radiation It sends a burst of energy which is reflected off of the target It sends a burst of energy which is reflected off of the target

9. Radar Benefits Images can be generated though clouds and in darkness Images can be generated though clouds and in darkness Near-Real Time processing of data Near-Real Time processing of data Direct downlink and onboard recorder storage capacity Direct downlink and onboard recorder storage capacity Data calibration for change detection studies Data calibration for change detection studies Frequent revisit for monitoring and emergency response Frequent revisit for monitoring and emergency response Programming for emergencies and priorities Programming for emergencies and prioritiesDrawbacks Difficult to map areas with dense vegetation or areas where it cannot see the earth surface, such as the shadowed areas of mountains or buildings Difficult to map areas with dense vegetation or areas where it cannot see the earth surface, such as the shadowed areas of mountains or buildings This is caused by the angle of flight with respect to the target areas This is caused by the angle of flight with respect to the target areas To minimize potential voids, it is better to sample an area with multiple looks To minimize potential voids, it is better to sample an area with multiple looks There are certain materials (e.g., calm water) that reflect radar signals away from the transmitter causing null elevations There are certain materials (e.g., calm water) that reflect radar signals away from the transmitter causing null elevations The military also may restrict the use of radar around certain facilities and areas where information may be needed The military also may restrict the use of radar around certain facilities and areas where information may be needed Crop type Crop type

10. Radar Example RADARSAT RADARSAT Spatial Resolution Spatial Resolution 10m – 100m 10m – 100m Spectral Resolution Spectral Resolution C – Band 35 – 500km C – Band 35 – 500km Coverage Extent Coverage Extent Time for image recapture 24 days Time for image recapture 24 days Scene size 50 x 50km up to 500 x 500km Scene size 50 x 50km up to 500 x 500km Format and Cost Format and Cost Data format CEOS Data format CEOS Cost $2,750 - $3,750 Cost $2,750 - $3,750 Artist conception of Radarsat

11. Radar

12. High Resolution Example Quickbird - 2 Quickbird - 2 Spatial Resolution Spatial Resolution 0.61m Pan C37 2.44m MS 0.61m Pan C37 2.44m MS Spectral Resolution Spectral Resolution 4 Bands, 450 up to 900nm 4 Bands, 450 up to 900nm Coverage Extent Coverage Extent Time for image recapture 1-3.5 days Time for image recapture 1-3.5 days Scene size 16.5km x 165km track Scene size 16.5km x 165km track Format and Cost Format and Cost GeoTIFF 1.0, NITF 2.1 or 2.0 GeoTIFF 1.0, NITF 2.1 or 2.0 Cost $22.50/sqr km Cost $22.50/sqr km Artist conception of Quickbird

13. High Spatial Resolution Both airborne and orbital platforms Both airborne and orbital platforms Satellite platforms have fixed spatial resolution while airborne can be adjusted Satellite platforms have fixed spatial resolution while airborne can be adjusted Satellite platforms have ability to view off nadir allowing for greater temporal resolution Satellite platforms have ability to view off nadir allowing for greater temporal resolution

14. High Spatial Resolution Most commercial uses for high spatial data are related to urban planning, real estate, disaster monitoring, and zoological studies Most commercial uses for high spatial data are related to urban planning, real estate, disaster monitoring, and zoological studies Not useful for applications requiring specific wavelength analysis such as differentiating vegetation types Not useful for applications requiring specific wavelength analysis such as differentiating vegetation types

15. Quickbird - 2 Quickbird - 2 0.61 m spatial resolution for Pan 0.61 m spatial resolution for Pan Only 4 MS bands keeps file size relatively small Only 4 MS bands keeps file size relatively small 1 km scene of 1 m spatial resolution panchromatic is approximately 1 byte, so 1 m spatial resolution with MS can create upwards of 240 megabyte files. 1 km scene of 1 m spatial resolution panchromatic is approximately 1 byte, so 1 m spatial resolution with MS can create upwards of 240 megabyte files.

16. Hyperspectral Example EO-1 (Hyperion Sensor) EO-1 (Hyperion Sensor) Spatial Resolution Spatial Resolution 30m – 30m 30m – 30m Spectral Resolution Spectral Resolution 220 bands, 400 – 2500nm @ 10nm 220 bands, 400 – 2500nm @ 10nm Coverage Extent Coverage Extent Time for image recapture 16 days Time for image recapture 16 days Scene size 7.5 x 100km Scene size 7.5 x 100km Format and Cost Format and Cost Data format HDF or GeoTIFF Data format HDF or GeoTIFF Cost $250/image Cost $250/image Artist conception of EO-1

17. Hyperspectral Application Eight bills four of which are counterfeit Applying a spectral filter to the hyperspectral image the counterfeit bills are easily identified

18. Comparison MultispectralHyperspectral High Resolution Radar Example Landsat 1 – 3 MSS EO-1 (Hyperion Sensor) Quickbird-2RADARSAT-1 Spatial Resolution: 60m x 80m 30m x 30m 0.61m Pan C37 2.44m MS 10 – 100m Spectral Resolution MS 4 bands, 500 – 1100nm 220 bands, 400 – 2500nm @ 10nm MS 4 bands (450- 520, 520-600, 630- 690, 760-890nm) Pan (450-900nm) C-Band 35 – 500km Revisit Time 18 days16 days1-3.5 days24 days Scene Size 185 x 185km7.5 x 100km 16.5 km 165 km track 50-500 Km Cost $200 -$375 $250 per image 22.5$/sqkm worldwide $2750 - $3750 per image

19. Conclusions Positive Aspects Positive Aspects Data types Data types Vendors Vendors Data acquisition Data acquisition Understand the problem Understand the problem Appropriate remotely sensed data Appropriate remotely sensed data Avoid extraneous data Avoid extraneous data Cost effectiveness Cost effectiveness Criteria Criteria Spatial Resolution Spatial Resolution Pixel size Pixel size Spectral Resolution Spectral Resolution Bandwidth and position of sensors Bandwidth and position of sensors Coverage Extent Coverage Extent Time for image recapture Time for image recapture Scene size and swath width Scene size and swath width Format and Cost Format and Cost Software compatibility Software compatibility Price Price

20. Conclusions Multispectral Multispectral 3-10 bands 3-10 bands Landsat 1-5, ASTER, IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) Landsat 1-5, ASTER, IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) Radar Radar Microwave signals, 1500 pulses/sec Microwave signals, 1500 pulses/sec Clouds and darkness not an issue Clouds and darkness not an issue Shadow effects Shadow effects High Resolution High Resolution 1 Panchromatic and up to 4 Multi-Spectral 0.61 m to 4 m spatial resolution most typical Airborne or Space borne Airborne or Space borne Hyperspectral Hyperspectral similar to multispectral however with 100’s of bands similar to multispectral however with 100’s of bands Airborne or Spacborne Airborne or Spacborne

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