1. FINGERPRINTING ANALYSIS

2. Prehistoric Fingerprinting Ancient Babylonians –Fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions Ancient China –Thumbprints found in clay seals

3. History of Fingerprinting 1858 – Sir William Herschel –An English Chief Magistrate in India –Had people record their fingerprints when signing business documents

4. History of Fingerprinting 1880 - Henry Faulds –Noticed fingerprints on prehistoric pottery –Published an article in “Nature” saying fingerprints could be used for identification –Wrote to his cousin, Charles Darwin, asking for help with developing a classification system –Darwin forwarded the letter to his cousin, Sir Francis Galton

5. History of Fingerprints 1880 Henry Faulds –Suggested possibility of using fingerprints left at crime scene Henry Faulds (1843-1930) X1882 Gilbert Thompson –First use of fingerprints in U.S

6. History of Fingerprinting 1883 – Alphonse Bertillon 1 st systematic attempt at personal identification Anthropometry Body height Length of middle finger Length of left foot Length of outstretched reach of both arms Width of head Length of head

9. History of Fingerprinting 1892 – Sir Francis Galton –Published textbook Finger Prints Outlined a fingerprint identification system Suggested methods for recording fingerprints Assigned three pattern types –Loops, Whorls, Arches Demonstrated two fundamental principles underlying fingerprint identification system –Uniqueness –Permanence

10. History of Fingerprints Uniqueness –Galton calculated that there was a possible existence of 64 billion different fingerprints –No two fingerprints have yet been found that are identical –Even identical twins have different fingerprints Permanence –A fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual’s lifetime

11. History of Fingerprinting 1891 – Juan Vucetich –Developed a searchable filing system for fingerprints –Used in most Spanish-speaking countries –Made one of 1 st criminal fingerprint identifications 1897 – Sir Edward Richard Henry –Developed another searchable filing system –Adopted by Scotland Yard, in England.

12. History of Fingerprinting In 1903, Will West thought he was fooling the system at Leavenworth Penitentiary by stating that he was not already in the system at the Penitentiary for a previous crime. The clerk decided to look up his Bertillon number anyway. What was found was another man serving a life sentence for murder, already imprisoned in the Penitentiary, named William West This flaw in the system would have never been noticed, had Will West not lied when entering the Penitentiary for a second time in 1903 Will WestWilliam West

13. History of Fingerprinting 1904 – World’s Fair –US police officers received training from Scotland Yard representatives 1924 – FBI identification records –Federal Bureau of Investigations and Leavenworth Penitentiary merged and moved to Washington D.C.

14. What are Fingerprints? Friction skin ridges found on the palm side of the fingers and thumbs Also found on palms, toes, and soles of feet Designed for firmer grasp and to prevent slippage

16. What are Fingerprints? Human skin is composed of layers –Epidermis = outer skin –Dermis = inner skin –Dermal papillae = separates two layers Determines pattern of ridges on skin’s surface Develop in fetus and enlarge during growth

17. Dermal papillae separating the two layers of dermis

18. Ridge Characteristics Minutiae –Details in a fingerprint –Identity, number, and location imparts individuality to a fingerprint –Used to make a point by point comparison by expert fingerprint examiners

19. Three Fundamental Principles of Fingerprinting 1.A fingerprint is an individual characteristic because no two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics (minutiae); 2.A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime; and 3.Fingerprints have general ridge characteristics that permit them to be systematically classified.

20. Ridge Characteristics

21. A fingerprint may contain up to 150 individual ridge characteristics Crime scene prints usually have only a small number of ridges that are actually recoverable To make a match an examiner has to determine that two prints have the same ridge characteristics in the same location to one another Around 8-16 points of similarity are needed to determine a match

22. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 22 Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points required for a match. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.

23. 2nd Principle: A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime A positive identification of John Dillinger from his fingerprints, even though he had mutilated them

24. Ridge Patterns Three classes –Loops 60-65% of all fingerprints –Whorls 30-35% of all fingerprints –Arches 5% of all fingerprints

25. 3rd Principle:Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern: loops, arches and whorls (LAW).

26. Loops One or more ridges enters from one side of the print, re-curves, and exits from the same side –Ulnar loop: opens toward the little finger –Radial loop: opens toward the thumb Right Hand Ulnar Loop Right Hand Radial Loop

27. Loops All loops must have ONE delta/triradius surrounded by type lines and a core Core Type lines Delta

28. Ulnar vs. Radial Loop

29. Whorls Ridges are generally circular All whorl patterns have type lines and AT LEAST TWO deltas

30. Whorls 4 distinct groups –Plain whorl At least 1 ridge makes a complete circuit Imaginary line between deltas touches spiral ridge –Central pocket loop whorl At least 1 ridge makes a complete circuit Imaginary line between deltas does not touch spiral ridge –Double loop whorl Made of 2 loops combined together –Accidental whorl Contains 2 or more patterns or doesn’t fit anywhere else

31. Arches Ridge enters from one side of the print, rises in the center and exits on the other side DO NOT have –Type lines –Deltas –Cores

32. Arches 2 Distinct groups –Plain arch Ridges rise in the center in a wave-like pattern –Tented arch Ridges rise in the center with a sharp spike

33. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 33 Primary Classification The Henry-FBI Classification System Each finger is given a point value. rightleft

34. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 34 Primary Classification, continued Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: rightrightleftleftleft indexringthumbmiddlelittle+ 1 rightrightrightleftleft thumbmiddlelittleindexring+ 1 That number is your primary classification number. =

35. FBI System of Classification Modification of the Henry system Pair up fingers R. Index R. Ring L. Thumb L. Middle L. Little R. Thumb R. Middle R. Little L. Index L. Ring Based on presence or absence or whorl pattern –1 st pair: 16 points –2 nd pair: 8 points –3 rd pair: 4 points –4 th pair: 2 points –5 th pair: 1 point

36. FBI System of Classification Total the values Add 1 to the numerator and denominator Fraction is what you use to classify the prints Provides examiner with list of candidates in system to look at more closely Can help narrow down suspect list Final identification of an individual is based on comparison of minutia by examiner Only useful when a full set of prints are available

37. Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) Prints are scanned and encoded by computers Digitally stores position and orientation of minutia for each print Produces a list of file prints with the closest correlation to a question print for the examiner to compare Still manually search known suspects in each case

38. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 3 kinds of crime scene prints –Latent –Visible –Plastic

39. Latent Prints Each skin ridge contains a single row of pores – openings for ducts of sweat glands –Tops of fingerprint ridges get covered with sweat and oil –When a finger touches an item, sweat and oil are deposited onto the surface –This leaves an impression of the finger’s ridge pattern (fingerprint) –Invisible to the eye

40. Visible and Plastic Prints Visible prints –Made by fingers coated in a colored material such s blood, paint, grease, or ink touching a surface Plastic prints –Made when a finger leaves an impression in a soft material such as putty, wax, or dust

41. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Method used depends on surface type print is located on –Hard nonabsorbent surfaces Examples: glass, mirror, tile Powder or Super Glue treatment –Soft and porous surfaces Examples: Paper, cardboard, cloth Chemical treatment –Iodine Fuming –Ninhydrin –Physical Developer –Super Glue treatment

42. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Powders –Adheres to perspiration residues and body oil deposits –Applied with camel hair or fiberglass brush –Select color powder with best contrast –Magnetic Sensitive Powders No bristles means less chance of destroying print Useful on leather and rough plastics –Fluorescent Powders Fluoresce under UV light Useful on confusing or multi-colored backgrounds

43. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Iodine Fuming –Solid crystal of iodine is sublimated with heat Sublimation = physical change from the solid directly to the gaseous state –Suspect material is placed in an enclosed chamber filled with iodine vapors –Iodine vapors react with fatty oils in print to form a brown deposit –Not permanent Photograph developed print Fix developed print with 1% starch solution

44. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Ninhydrin –Ninhydrin powder is mixed with acetone or ethanol to form a spray –Reacts with amino acids present in perspiration to form a purple deposit known as Ruhemann’s purple –Prints can develop within 1-2 hours but can take up to 10 days –Development of prints is sped up if heated –Very sensitive Used to get prints off paper as old as 15 years –b–b

45. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Physical Developer –Silver-nitrate based liquid reagent –ONLY method that is useful in developing prints on items that were once wet –Reacts with sodium chloride in fingerprint residue to produces a dark grey deposit –Destroys proteins so used last after all other chemical tests

46. Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Super Glue Fuming –Heating superglue forms cyanoacrylate ester fumes –Suspect material is placed in an enclosed chamber filled with cyanoacrylate fumes –Fumes react with fats in fingerprint residue producing a hard, white deposit –Developed prints may be dusted with powders

47. Methods of Detection Review PowdersIodineNinhydrine Physical Developer Super Glue What Reacts With Perspiration and oil Fats Amino Acids Sodium Chloride Fats SurfaceNonporousPorous Porous and Nonporous Notes Not permanent Very sensitive Use Last OR Use if item was wet

48. Preservation of Developed Prints Prints must be permanently preserved for: –future comparison –possible use in court as evidence Steps to preservation –Photograph prints –Small objects: cover with cellophane –Large objects: lift prints with tape and secure to cardboard backing