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4. 4 Image: digikey.com

5. 5 Image: www.intenseco.com

6. 6 Power Wavelength Laser LED

7. 7 Core Cladding

8. 8

9. 9 Core Cladding

10. 10 Attenuation Wavelength 1300 nm 850 nm 1550nm Multimode Fiber Attenuation Windows

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12. 12

13. 13 Step Index Fiber Input Signal Output Signal

14. 14 White Light Input Signal Output Signal Core Cladding

15. 15 Input Signal Output Signal Core Cladding

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17. 17 Image www.telegeography.com See: http://www.submarinecablemap.comhttp://www.submarinecablemap.com

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19. 19 Core Cladding

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21. 21 Core Cladding

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23. 23 Fiber in tray Fiber in wall

24. 24

25. 25 Lateral Misalignment Angular Misalignment End Separation

26. 26 Concentricity Core Ellipticity Diameter Inconsistency

27. 27 Core Mismatch Numerical Aperture Mismatch Contamination Damage

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33. 33

34. 34 Link attenuation = Cable Attenuation + Connector Loss + Splice Loss

35. 35 Link attenuation = Cable Attenuation + Connector Loss + Splice Loss

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38. 38

39. 39 1-Calibrate unit with launch cable Source Meter 2-Test with launch cable at source Source Meter Launch Cable Cable Under Test Coupler

40. 40

41. 41 1-Calibrate unit with one launch cable Source Meter 2-Add the second launch cable. Do not recalibrate. Ensure extra loss is less than 0.75dB Cable Under Test Source Meter Launch Cable #1 Coupler Launch Cable #2 3-Test the installed cable with the two launch cables and couplers Source Meter Launch Cable #1 Coupler Launch Cable #2 Coupler

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45. 45 Distance dB Return Launch Dead Zone Fresnel Reflection (End of Fiber) Reflection Echoes

46. 46 Distance dB Return Launch Dead Zone Fresnel Reflection (End of Fiber) Reflection Echoes Returns reduced after this point. Less signal getting through. Returns reduced after this point, and a Fresnel Reflection.

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50. 50 ©PRGodin (prgodin @ gmail.com)