2. Ecology—the study of the interaction between organisms and their environment

3. I. Feeding relationships A.Autotrophs=producers Ex: plants, algae, some bacteria B.Heterotrophs=consumers Ex: animals, fungi, some protists and bacteria

4. Types of Consumers: 1. Herbivore—only eat plants 2. Carnivore—(predator) kill and eat other animals 3. Omnivore—eat plants and animals 4. Scavenger—eat dead animals 5. Decomposer—( also called saprobe/ saprophyte)—break down and absorb nutrients from dead organ isms 6. Detritivore —eat dead organic matter Ex: earthworms, millipedes

6. II. Survival relationships A. Predation (Predator-prey)— Predator hunts and eats prey. B. Competition—occurs when 2 species fight for the same limited resources

7. Predators

8. Competition

9. C. Symbiosis-2 species living together; at least one depends on the other

10. Types of Symbiosis: 1. Mutualism—BOTH species benefit (mutually beneficial!) Ex: clownfish & sea anemone flower & bee cattle & white birds Clownfish/sea anemone video Clownfish/sea anemone video

11. Mutualism

12. 2. Commensalism—One species benefits and the other is NOT AFFECTED Ex: orchid & tree human & eyelash mites shark and remora Shark/remora video clip Shark/remora video clip

13. Commensalism

14. 3. Parasitism—One species benefits and the other is HARMED. Ex: tick on a dog mistletoe in a tree mosquitoes on humans

15. Parasites

16. III. Matter and Energy relationships A. Food Web — expresses ALL possible feeding relationships in a community

17. Food Web example

18. B. Food chain — one path in a food web

19. Food chain example

20. Food Chain vs. Food Web

21. 1.A food chain MUST start with a producer. 2.Arrows are used to show the direction of energy transfer. 3.A food chain does NOT typically have more than 5 levels.

22. Why are food chains this short? Only about 10% of the energy at each level is passed to the next level.

24. C. Trophic level —represents a feeding step in a food web 1. First trophic level— producer 2. Second— herbivore / omnivore 3. Third— carnivore / omnivore 4. Fourth— carnivore / omnivore 5. Fifth—carnivore/ omnivore/ decomposer

25. D. Ecological or energy pyramids— describe energy conversion in an ecosystem

26. 1. The SOURCE of energy for all pyramids is the SUN. 2. The BASE of the pyramid is PRODUCERS. 3. The TOP is the top CARNIVORE or omnivore.

28. 4. Biomass —the total mass of all organisms at any one level in the pyramid

29. highest top 5. Biological Magnification— the concentration of toxic substances increases as it moves up the food chain *Concentration will be highest at the top of the food chain! Food Web Activity

30. IV. The Organization of Life A. Organism—3 Things that affect organisms: 1. habitat—where it lives 2. niche—its way of life (or the role it plays in the ecosystem) 3. trophic level—feeding level

31. Niche

32. B. Population—all members of the same species that live in a certain area --Animal population is also called a breeding group.

33. A group of individuals of one species usually occupying a defined area. Populations

34. C. Community—All populations in a certain area

36. D. Ecosystem—the biotic and abiotic factors interacting in an area 1. biotic—living things 2. abiotic—nonliving things Ex: water, soil, temperature, precipitation

37. Ecosystem

39. E. Biome—A large area defined by the presence of certain plants and animals

40. Biomes

41. Permafrost

42. Estuary Place where freshwater, such as a river, meets the sea Ex: bay, swamp, marsh, bayou

43. Types of Lakes (Don’t have to know this slide!) Types of Lakes Oligotrophic Eutrophic

44. F. Biosphere— the area on Earth where life exists (the SURFACE)

45. Biosphere

46. V. Homeostasis in Communities A. Carrying capacity—the largest number of organisms from a species that can be supported by the environment Ex: There is only enough food for a certain number of deer.

47. Why Hunting is Legal

48. B. Limiting Factor—any living or nonliving thing that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms Ex: food available, temperature

49. Why These Animals Live Only in Certain Places

50. C. Tolerance—the ability to withstand fluctuations (changes) in environmental factors --There is a range of conditions (temp., amt. of food, etc.) in which organisms can survive.

51. D. Succession—orderly, natural changes that take place in a community CrashCourse video--Start at 1:15.-5:29. CrashCourse video--Start at 1:15.-5:29. CrashCourse video--Start at 1:15.-5:29. *climax community—a stable, mature community that undergoes little to no succession

52. 1. Primary—establishment & development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously UNINHABITED 2 Types of Succession: 1. Primary—establishment & development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously UNINHABITED

53. Lichens and algae on bare rock

54. Succession of plant species on abandoned fields in North Carolina. Pioneer species consist of a variety of annual plants. This successional stage is then followed by communities of perennials and grasses, shrubs, softwood trees and shrubs, and finally hardwood trees and shrubs. This succession takes about 120 years to go from the pioneer stage to the climax community. From http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9i.html on 10-6-10 Pioneer speciespioneer climaxhttp://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9i.html

55. 2. Secondary- REESTABLISHMENT of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact

56. Secondary succession occurs in an area where life once existed but has then been destroyed. Secondary Succession —Illustration of (1) a climax forest (2) destroyed by wildfire and (3) and (4) its eventual recovery. Secondary succession occurs in an area where life once existed but has then been destroyed. (Reproduced by permission of The Gale Group)

57. VI. Geochemical Cycles

58. Water Cycle

59. Nitrogen Cycle Crash Course video (1st half) Crash Course video (1st half) Crash Course video (1st half)

60. Carbon Cycle

62. Oxygen Cycle