2. AP Biology Ecosystems

3. AP Biology  YouTube - Prehranjevalna veriga - Food Chain YouTube - Prehranjevalna veriga - Food Chain  Teachers' Domain: Oil Spill: Exxon Valdez, 1989 Human Impact Teachers' Domain: Oil Spill: Exxon Valdez, 1989  Video -- Gulf Spill Still Threatens Millions of Migrating Birds -- National Geographic Video -- Gulf Spill Still Threatens Millions of Migrating Birds -- National Geographic  http://gtm- media.discoveryeducation.com/videos/22147/chp912930_25 6k.asf Phosphorus cycle http://gtm- media.discoveryeducation.com/videos/22147/chp912930_25 6k.asf

4. AP Biology Ecology  The study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of the environment.  Biotic factors – the living  Abiotic factors – the nonliving Examples: sunlight, water, soil, pH levels, temperature

5. AP Biology biosphere ecosystem community population Studying organisms in their environment organism

6. AP Biology Ecosystem  All the organisms in a community plus abiotic factors  ecosystems are transformers of energy & processors of matter  Ecosystems are self-sustaining  what is needed?  capture energy  transfer energy  cycle nutrients  capture energy  transfer energy  cycle nutrients

7. AP Biology  Organisms in an ecosystem can be either producers or consumers.

8. AP Biology In ecosystems, energy flows from producers to consumers.

9. AP Biology  Producers convert the energy from the environment into C bonds (food/sugar).  Two methods of producing food are: Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

10. AP Biology Examples of producers Photosynthesis  Plants  Algae  Cyanobacteria  Some protists Chemosynthesis  bacteria

11. AP Biology Examples of consumers  Herbivores (primary consumers)  Carnivores (secondary consumers)  Omnivores (prim or sec consumers)  Scavengers (consumers) Ex - Vultures, beetles, owls, raccoons  Decomposers (consumers involved in decomposition) Ex – bacteria, fungi (mushrooms, mold)

12. AP Biology Food chain

13. AP Biology

14. Food Web

15. AP Biology

16. Essential questions  What limits the production in ecosystems?  How does energy move through the ecosystem?  How do nutrients move in the ecosystem?  How does energy move through the ecosystem?

17. AP Biology biosphere Ecosystem inputs constant input of energy energy flows through nutrients cycle nutrients can only cycle inputs  energy  nutrients inputs  energy  nutrients Don’t forget the laws of Physics! Matter cannot be created or destroyed

18. AP Biology Inefficiency of energy transfer  Loss of energy between levels of food chain  To where is the energy lost? The cost of living! only this energy moves on to the next level in the food chain 10-12% growth Cell respiration Waste energy lost to daily living sun Given off as HEAT! Some of the organism is never consumed

19. AP Biology  10% Rule!! Approximately 10% of the energy available at a trophic level is transferred to the next level. Watch this!  Teachers' Domain: Energy Flow Teachers' Domain: Energy Flow

20. AP Biology Energy flows through ecosystems sun producers (plants) loss of energy secondary consumers (carnivores) secondary consumers (carnivores) primary consumers (herbivores) primary consumers (herbivores)

21. AP Biology Ecological pyramid of Energy  Loss of energy between levels of food chain  can feed fewer animals in each level sun

22. AP Biology What will these toads do to a food chain or food web? Cane toads (invasive species) Invasive species - an organism or plant that is introduced into a new environment, where it is not native.

23. AP Biology consumers decomposers abiotic reservoir nutrients made available to producers geologic processes Generalized Nutrient cycling consumers producers decomposers abiotic reservoir nutrients ENTER FOOD CHAIN = made available to producers geologic processes Decomposition connects all trophic levels return to abiotic reservoir

24. AP Biology biosphere Ecosystem inputs energy flows through nutrients cycle inputs  energy  nutrients inputs  energy  nutrients

25. AP Biology  Trophic levels  feeding relationships  start with energy from the sun  captured by plants  1 st level of all food chains  food chains usually go up only 4 or 5 levels  inefficiency of energy transfer  all levels connect to decomposers Food chains Fungi Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Decomposers Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer top carnivore carnivore herbivore Bacteria autotrophs heterotrophs sun

26. AP Biology Inefficiency of energy transfer  Loss of energy between levels of food chain  To where is the energy lost? The cost of living! only this energy moves on to the next level in the food chain 10-12% growth Cell respiration Waste energy lost to daily living sun Given off as HEAT! Some of the organism is never consumed

27. AP Biology Please answer this question. If a cat eats a mouse, only 10% of the total energy available in the mouse is transferred to the cat and stored as organic material in the cat. What happens to the other 90%?

28. AP Biology

29. Pyramid of biomass - a large mass of living things at the base is required to support a few at the top... many herbivores are needed to support a few carnivores

30. AP Biology The chaparral

31. AP Biology Biomes  Tropical rain forest  Tropical deciduous forest  Desert  Savanna  Chaparral  Temperate deciduous forest  Temperate rain forest  Grassland  Coniferous forest  Taiga  Aquatic biomes Marine Freshwater  Tundra  Alpine

32. AP Biology

33. Humans in food chains Teachers' Domain: Energy Flow Teachers' Domain: Energy Flow  Dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for human populations  how much energy does it take to feed a human?  if we are meat eaters?  if we are vegetarian? What is your ecological footprint?!

34. AP Biology Food webs  Food chains are linked together into food webs  Who eats whom?  a species may weave into web at more than one level  bears  humans  eating meat?  eating plants?

35. AP Biology Food Web

36. AP Biology How Ecosystems can change.  How Wolves Change Rivers How Wolves Change Rivers  Wolves kill animals but give life to many others. Explain. Wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National park in 1995. Here’s what happened….

37. AP Biology Biomagnification  The accumulation of increasingly large amounts of toxic substances within each successive link of the food chain.  http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/animation_quizzes/gra phics/ecm4s4b.ram DDT pesticide http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/animation_quizzes/gra phics/ecm4s4b.ram  C:\Documents and Settings\colleen.palmer\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\Teachers' Domain Contaminants in the Arctic Food Chain.mp4 C:\Documents and Settings\colleen.palmer\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\Teachers' Domain Contaminants in the Arctic Food Chain.mp4

38. AP Biology Review -- Succession  primary and secondary succession primary and secondary succession

39. AP Biology Remember! Energy Flows (from where to where?) Is there any energy lost along the way?

40. AP Biology  Remember ! Matter (C,H,O,N) cycles Water (H 2 0)cycle Carbon (C)cycle Nitrogen (N)cycle

41. AP Biology Do you remember the water cycle?

42. AP Biology Do you remember the water cycle?

43. AP Biology Carbon cycle CO 2 in atmosphere Diffusion Respiration Photosynthesis Plants and algae Plants Animals Industry and home Combustion of fuels Animals Carbonates in sediment Bicarbonates Deposition of dead material Deposition of dead material Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) Dissolved CO 2

44. AP Biology Carbon cycle and global warming  YouTube - NASA | Earth Science Week: Keeping Up With Carbon YouTube - NASA | Earth Science Week: Keeping Up With Carbon Read the article on Global Warming and answer these 2 questions in your notes.  Describe possible causes of the greenhouse effect.  List consequences of global warming.

45. AP Biology

48.  Global Warming Interactive, Global Warming Simulation, Climate Change Simulation - National Geographic Global Warming Interactive, Global Warming Simulation, Climate Change Simulation - National Geographic  NOVA | Capturing Carbon NOVA | Capturing Carbon  YouTube - Global Warming 101 YouTube - Global Warming 101  global warming facts, causes of global warming, global climate change, global change, Victor Miguel Ponce global warming facts, causes of global warming, global climate change, global change, Victor Miguel Ponce

49. AP Biology Homework – 1 page paper, 12 font, double spaced, cite sources Read “Global Warming Fast Facts.” 1. Is it happening? Insert a graph to show it. 2. Are humans causing it? Why might some be skeptical? 3. What’s going to happen? Name 3 events.

50. AP Biology Assignment for the Carbon Cycle  Trace a C atom from the air, into a tree, into you, and back into the air. Note: You can not eat the tree nor can any thing else eat the tree. Identify what form the Carbon is in (gas, CO 2 or solid,C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and what processes are occurring to transfer the carbon.

51. AP Biology Answers - 3 possibilities 1. The tree gives off CO 2 through CR. A crop plant takes in the CO 2 for PS. You eat the plant (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). As a result of CR you exhale CO 2. 2. The tree dies and decomposers feast on remains (CR) giving off CO 2. A crop plant takes in the CO 2. You eat the plant (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). As a result of CR you exhale CO 2. 3. The tree is burned and CO 2 is given off. A crop plant takes in the CO 2. You eat the plant (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). As a result of CR you exhale CO 2.

52. AP Biology Birds Herbivores Plants amino acids Carnivores Atmospheric nitrogen loss to deep sediments Fish Plankton with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (plant roots) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (soil) Denitrifying bacteria Death, excretion, feces Nitrifying bacteria soil nitrates excretion Decomposing bacteria Ammonifying bacteria Nitrogen cycle abiotic reservoir:  N in atmosphere enter food chain:  nitrogen fixation by soil & aquatic bacteria recycle:  decomposing & nitrifying bacteria return to abiotic:  denitrifying bacteria abiotic reservoir:  N in atmosphere enter food chain:  nitrogen fixation by soil & aquatic bacteria recycle:  decomposing & nitrifying bacteria return to abiotic:  denitrifying bacteria

53. AP Biology The Nitrogen cycle  Why is nitrogen so important? Nitrogen makes up amino acids which are the building blocks of __________. All living things are made of protein. Nitrogen makes up nucleic acids like ___________ and ____________.

54. AP Biology Proteins Amino acidPolypeptide = protein

55. AP Biology Nucleic acid

56. AP Biology Nitrogen cycle

57. AP Biology nitrification, ammonification, assimilation, nitrogen fixation, denitrification 6 5 3 4 2 1

58. AP Biology

59. Vocab  Nitrogen fixation –from gaseous nitrogen into ammonium Accomplished by lightning and nitrogen fixing bacteria found in the soil and in the roots of legumes (beans, peas).  Nitrification – ammonium to nitrates Accomplished by nitrifying bacteria in the soil.

60. AP Biology  Ammonification –the formation of ammonia compounds in the soil by the action of bacteria on decaying matter.  Assimilation – the conversion of nitrates into the organism’s structure.  Denitrification – from nitrate to gaseous nitrogen. Accomplished by denitrifying bacteria in the soil.

61. AP Biology United Streaming video  http://gtm- media.discoveryeducation.com/videos/ Nitrogen%20Cycle/pgr336_300k.asf http://gtm- media.discoveryeducation.com/videos/ Nitrogen%20Cycle/pgr336_300k.asf  ncycle ncycle

62. AP Biology Carbon cycle – fill in the arrows

63. AP Biology Phosphorus cycle Loss to deep sediment Rocks and minerals Soluble soil phosphate Plants and algae Plants Urine Land animals Precipitates Aquatic animals Animal tissue and feces Animal tissue and feces Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Decomposers (bacteria & fungi) Phosphates in solution Loss in drainage abiotic reservoir:  rocks, minerals, soil enter food chain:  erosion releases soluble phosphate  uptake by plants recycle:  decomposing bacteria & fungi return to abiotic:  loss to ocean sediment abiotic reservoir:  rocks, minerals, soil enter food chain:  erosion releases soluble phosphate  uptake by plants recycle:  decomposing bacteria & fungi return to abiotic:  loss to ocean sediment

64. AP Biology Biogeochemical cycles Remember! Matter cycles!!  Water cycle  Phosphorus cycle  Nitrogen cycle  Carbon cycle

65. AP Biology Skittles demo Water in the world  97% salt  2.5% fresh frozen in icecaps and glaciers .5% fresh liquid Water cycle is very important because it moves nutrients and toxins very quickly. YouTube - NASA: The Water Cycle [720p] YouTube - NASA: The Water Cycle [720p]

66. AP Biology Transpiration Remember transpiration?

67. AP Biology Lakes Runoff Percolation in soil Evaporation Transpiration Precipitation Oceans Solar energy Aquifer Groundwater Water cycle Water vapor abiotic reservoir:  surface & atmospheric water enter food chain:  precipitation & plant uptake recycle:  transpiration return to abiotic:  evaporation & runoff abiotic reservoir:  surface & atmospheric water enter food chain:  precipitation & plant uptake recycle:  transpiration return to abiotic:  evaporation & runoff

68. AP Biology Question #7 Michigan rivers

69. AP Biology

70. Question #7  Toxin seeps into ground water, into rivers, ocean, fish, polar bears.

71. AP Biology Breaking the water cycle  Deforestation breaks the water cycle  groundwater is not transpired to the atmosphere, so precipitation is not created forest  desert desertification

72. AP Biology Repairing the damage  The Greenbelt Movement  planting trees in Kenya  restoring a sustainable ecosystem  establishing democracy  empowering women Wangari Maathai Nobel Peace prize 2004

73. AP Biology Studying ecosystems Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest 7800 acres 38 acre deforestation

74. AP Biology Effects of deforestation Concentration of nitrate (mg/l ) 19651966 Year 2 0 4 40 80 19671968 Deforestation nitrate levels in runoff 40% increase in runoff  loss of water 40% increase in runoff  loss of water  60x loss in nitrogen  10x loss in calcium  60x loss in nitrogen  10x loss in calcium loss into surface water loss out of ecosystem! Why is nitrogen so important?

75. AP Biology 2006-2007 Any Questions?? We’re working on a lot of them!