1. UNIT TWO: POPULATION Emma Wafzig Katherine Kuhl

2. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL What is it…?

3. BACKGROUND: Demographers whom collected data in the 1750’s expected the rate of natural increase to vary over different periods of time During Britain's Industrial Period population was shifting and they needed a way to differentiate between countries with high or low birth rates During the 18 th century less developed countries began using the models but unfortunately are still in the lower stages of the model *Natural Increase– the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths*

4. STAGE 1: HIGH BIRTH RATE; LOW DEATH RATE Typical of Britain in the 18 th century, but today an example is Ethiopia and Sudan Birth Rate Rising:  Needed more workers  Lack of family planning  Religious beliefs  Children were economic assets Death Rate Rising:  Famine  Lack of sanitation; health care  War  Competition for food

5. STAGE 2: BIRTH RATE HIGH; DEATH RATE FALLS (POPULATION STEADILY RISING) 19 th century Britain Currently Bangladesh and Nigeria Death Rate Falling:  Improved health care; hygiene  Improved food production and safety  Decrease of infant mortality rates

6. STAGE 3: BIRTH RATE FALLS, DEATH RATE CONTINUES FALLING (POPULATION RISING) Typical of Britain late 19 th century; early 20 th century Currently Brazil and China Falling Birth Rate:  Mechanism reduces the need for workers  Family planning available  Increased standard of living Falling Death Rate:  Low infant mortality rate  Changing status of woman

7. STAGE 4: BIRTH RATE LOW; DEATH RATE LOW (POPULATION STEADY) Today is typical of US, Sweden, Japan, and Britain Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates. Total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health care and sanitation

8. STAGE 5: BIRTH RATE SLIGHTLY FALLS; DEATH RATE STABLE (GENTLE NATURAL DECREASE) Today is typical of Germany and Italy Death Rate Stable:  Health care  Reliable food sources  People generally living longer Weaning Birth Rate:  Family planning  Better health  Women status  Later marriages

9. WHO EXACTLY IS THOMAS MATHUS?

10. THOMAS MALTHUS  1798: Principles of Population  this essay was Mathus’s theory on how the world’s population was increasing faster then the food supplies to sustain it  Food supply grew linearly  Population grew exponentially  Mathus did not understand the theory of globalization…he thought what a country grew is what the country ate  Mercantilism, capitalism, and colonialism brought interaction and trade between Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America  Present day Neo-Mathusians argue that over population is a problem if it doesn’t stabilize

11. LAWS OF MIGRATION o Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration o The majority of migrants move a short distance o Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations

12. POPULATION PYRAMIDS o Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender o Concerned with gender and age distribution

13. POORER COUNTRIES

14. o Infant mortality rates are usually high o Life expectancy usually short o Epidemics, pandemics

15. SOUTH AFRICA

16. WEALTHIER COUNTRIES

17. o Shaped like lopsided vases o Population is aging o Total fertility rates are declining

19. WHICH COUNTRY IS THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL BASED OFF OF? A)Italy B)Great Britain C)Germany D)Ireland

20. WHAT WAS THOMAS MALTHUS’S FAMOUS ESSAY CALLED? A)Principles of Population B)Food vs Population C)A Tale of Growing Countries D)None of the above

21. IN HIS ESSAY THOMAS BELIEVED FOOD SUPPLY GREW LINEAR AND POPULATION GREW_________? a)Downward b)Linear c)Horizontal d)Exponentially

22. STAGE 5 MOST LIKELY CHARACTERIZES THE COUNTRY OF ___________? a)China b)Italy c)United States d)Germany

23. WHAT IS NOT A REASON BIRTH RATE WAS HIGH IN THE 1800’S? a)Lack of family planning b)Government laws c)Limited access to clean food and water d)Religious beliefs

24. IN STAGE 3 BIRTH RATE AND DEATH RATE FALL AND THE POPULATION a)Rises b)Stays the same c)Decreases

25. WHAT DEFINES THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND NUMBER OF DEATHS? a)Crude birth rate b)Crude death rate c)Natural increase d)Rate of growth

26. CURRENTLY, THE UNITED STATES WOULD BE CHARACTERIZED AS WHAT STAGE? a)Stage 3 b)Stage 4 c)Stage 5 d)Between stage 3 and stage 4

27. WHICH IS NOT A REASON BIRTH AND DEATH RATES ARE FALLING IN STAGE 5? a)Better access to food and supplies b)Clean water and sanitation c)People had less kids to save money d)Family planning

28. NEO-MATHUSIAN’S ARGUE THAT POPULATION WILL BE A PROBLEM IN THE FUTURE IF IT DOESN’T _________ a)Stabilize b)Decrease c)Rise d)Fluctuate

29. HOW MANY LAWS OF MIGRATION ARE THERE? a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4

30. THE MAJORITY OF MIGRANTS MOVE a)Long distances b)Short distances c)Nowhere

31. MIGRANTS WHO MOVE LONG DISTANCES MOVE TO… a)Small cities b)Farms c)Big cities d)Antarctica

32. POOR COUNTRY POPULATION PYRAMIDS ARE SHAPED LIKE… a)Vase b)A Christmas tree c)A pyramids

33. WHY IS SOUTH AFRICA’S PYRAMID SHAPED THE WAY IT IS? a)Uneven gender distribution b)AIDS c)An aging population d)High birth rate

34. WHAT ARE WEALTHIER COUNTIES’ PYRAMIDS SHAPED LIKE? a)Pyramid b)Vase c)Christmas tree d)Heart

35. HOW MANY STAGES ARE IN THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL? a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4 e)5

36. WHAT IS THE MODEL CALLED THAT GRAPHS THE EXPECTED RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE? a)Demographic transition model b)The Natural Increase Model c)The Model d)Expected Rate Model