1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Population and Migration http://www.worldometers.info/world- population/

2. Population Population: A Critical Issue A Study of population is important in understanding a number of issues in human geography. So… our first main issue to tackle is a study of population. The Key Issues your book mentions are: 1. Where is the world’s population distributed? 2. Where has the world’s population increased? 3. Why is population increasing at different rates in different countries? 4. Why might the world face an overpopulation problem?

3. Population World Population Cartogram

4. Population The study of population is critically important for three reasons: A. The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the twentieth century than ever before in history. B. Virtually all global population growth is concentrated in less developed countries. C. More people are alive at this time-in excess of 7 billion-than at any time in human history…. D. Is this sustainable?

5. Population https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_on_global_popula tion_growth?language=en https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_on_global_popula tion_growth?language=en

6. Demography The Scientific study of population characteristics is called demography….

7. The Issue of Overpopulation Overpopulation is not as much an issue of the population of the world but instead, the relationship between number of people on the earth and available resources. Locally, geographers find that overpopulation is currently a threat in some regions of the world, but not others. It depends on each regions balance between population and resources!!!

8. Population: Clustered Regions vs. Sparse Sparce Regions Clustered: East Asia:- China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan South Asia:India, Pakistan, Bangladesh Europe: Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Phillipines, Vietnam, etc. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/6/67/World_population_density _1994.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/6/67/World_population_density _1994.png

9. Population: US and Canada The largest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere is in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. About 2 percent of the world’s people live in these areas. An interesting point is that less than 5% of the people in this area are farmers.

10. Population: West Africa Another 2% of the world’s population is clustered in West Africa, especially along the south- facing the Atlantic coast. Approximately half is in Nigeria, and the other half is divided among several small countries west of Nigeria. Most people work in agriculture.

11. World Population Distribution Generally, world population is very unevenly distributed across the Earth’s surface and it can be correlated with climate distribution.

12. Population: Sparsely Populated Areas- Climactic Influence Dry Areas: Areas too dry for farming cover approximately 20 percent of Earth’s land surface Deserts generally lack sufficient water to grow crops Wet Areas Areas that receive very high levels of precipitation These areas are located primarily near the equator The combination of rain and heat rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil, hindering agriculture Cold Areas Much of the land near the North and South poles, perpetually covered with ice ( permafrost) High Areas Relatively few people live at high elevations with some significant exceptions in Latin America and Africa

13. Population: The Ecumene What is an Ecumene: Portion of the Earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area. (slides)

14. Population Density: Arithmetic The number of people per total land area. The high densities are found in parts of Asia and Europe.

15. Physiological Density Physiological Density: Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is a good measure of the relationship between population and agricultural resources in a society.

16. Physiological Density: The number of people per arable land

17. Agricultural Density: The number of farmers per arable land

18. Agricultural Density Two countries can have similar physiological densities but they may produce significantly different amounts of good because of different economic conditions. Agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. To understand the relationship between population and resources in a country, geographers examine its physiological and agricultural densities together. The Netherlands has a much higher physiological density than does India but a much lower agricultural density

19. Density Relationships

20. Key Issue 2: Where Has the World’s Population Increased? Population Basics: Increases rapidly in places where many more people are born than die.. Increases slowly in places where the number of births exceeds the number of deaths by only a small margin, Declines in places where deaths outnumber births Population also changes through migration Logical Right??????

21. Population Basics Geographers most frequently measure population change in a country of the world as a whole through three measures: Crude Death Rate:( CDR)= Total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people Crude Birth Rate: (CBR)= Total number of births in a year for every 1,000 people Natural Increase Rate (NIR) CBR-CDR= NIR % by which a population grows in a year **The term natural just means that a country’s growth rate excludes migration ** The term crude means that we are concerned with society as a whole rather than a refined look at particular individuals

22. World Population Growth 1950-2000 The NIR declined during the late 20 th century from its historic peak, but the number of people added each year did not decline because world population increased to nearly 7 billion, so the % was applied to a larger base.

23. Natural Increase Rates NIR= % of growth or decline in the population of a country per year. Africa and Southwest Asia have the highest NIR, while Russia and Europe have negative rates.

24. Natural Increase Stats The natural rate of the planet during this decade is estimated to be 1.2% It is lower today than at its all-time peak of 2.2 percent in 1963 The NIR during the second half of the 20 th century was high by historical standards The number of people added each year has dropped at a slower rate than the NIR because the population base is much higher now than in the past. The rate of increase affects the doubling-time, which is the number of years needed to double a population. When the NIR was 2.2 percent back in 1963, doubling was 35 years.

25. Population Change Other Factors we look at are: Fertility: TFR =Average number of children a woman will have through her childbearing years. The TFR for the world is___________? TFR in Sub-Saharan Africa is_____________? TFR in Europe is_______________? TFR in America is_____________?

26. Crude Birth Rates The CBR is the total number of births in a country per 1,000 population per year. Lowest rates are in Europe: highest in Africa and Asia.

27. Total Fertility Rates The TFR is the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years. Lowest rates in Europe; highest in Africa and Middle East.

28. Infant Mortality Rates The IMR is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births per year. The highest IMRs are found in some of the poorest countries of Africa and Asia.

29. Life Expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. Highest are generally in the wealthiest countries; lowest in the poorest…

30. Where These Rates Are Highest Higher rates of natural increase, crude birth, total fertility and infant mortality, and lower life expectancy are in LDCs…

31. Crude Death Rates The CDR is the total number of deaths in a country per 1,000 population per year. Because wealthy countries are in a late stage of the demographic transition, they often have a higher CDR than poorer countries…

32. Key Issue 3: Variations in Population Growth The Main points of this issue are: The Demographic Transition 1. low growth3. Moderate Growth 2. High growth4. Low growth Population Pyramids Age distribution Sex Ratio Countries in different stages of demographic transition Demographic transition and world population growth

33. Countries in Different Stages of Demographic Transition No country today remains in stage 1 of the demographic transition, but it is interesting to compare countries in each of the other three stages…

34. Transition Stages

35. Population Pyramids: Another way to represent population…. Age and Gender are extremely important in understanding similarities and differences among countries. Dependency Ratio: # of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their reproductive years. Sex Ratio: the number of males per hundred females in the population. ( In general,slightly more males than females are born… but males have higher death rates…

36. Stages Explained….. Stage I: Birth rates and death rates are both high, resulting in a low rate of growth. There are no countries presently in stage I Stage II: The move to stage II is caused by a decline in death rates. Birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth. MDCs entered stage II as part of the Industrial Revolution, while many LDC entered stage II much later as a result of the diffusion of medical technologies and knowledge into the less developed world ( i.e., medical revolution)

37. Stages Explained…. Stage III is marked by a drop in fertility, which brings down birth rate and decreases the natural increase rate. The death rate continues to fall, but not as rapidly as the birth rate. Stage IV is marked by a low crude birth rate and death rate and nearly zero natural increase. Stage IV resembles Stage I in terms of growth but otherwise is very different: instead of high b birth and death rates, both are low. Life Expectancies are much longer and society is much different. Finally, once the demographic transition has reached stage IV, the population has swelled and will never return…

38. Demographic Transition in England England was one of the first countries to experience rapid population growth in the mid-eighteenth century, when it entered stage II of the demographic transition…

39. Population Pyramid: Distinctive Population Character Population in a country is influenced by the demographic transition in 2 ways: the % of the population in each age group and the distribution of males and females. A country’s population can be displayed by age and gender groups on a bar graph called a population pyramid. Youngest ages at the bottom; oldest at the top. Length of the bar represents the % of total population contained in that groups. Dependency Ratio and Sex Ratio: Dependency Ratio is the number of people too young or too old to work compared to those in productive years. Sex Ratio is the number of males per 100 females ( 97:100 in US) The Shape of the Pyramid is determined by the CBR. A country in stage 2 with a high CBR has a large number of children and a large base; a country in stage 4 would have a wider top.

40. Percentage of Population under 15 About 1/3 of world population is under 15, but the % by country varies from over 40% in most of Africa and Asia, to under 20% in Europe.

41. Changes in the Pyramid As countries pass through the stages of the demographic transition, the percentage of elderly increases. More than ¼ of all government expenditures in the US, Canada, Japan and many European countries go to social security, health care and other programs for the older population..

42. Population Disparity Facts: The number of males per hundred females in the population is the sex ratio. In Europe and North America the ratio of men to women is about 95:100. In the rest of the world the ratio is 102:100. In poorer countries the high mortality rate during child birth partly explains the lower % of women. The difference also relates to the age structure…. Women live longer than men Societies with a high rate of immigration typically have more males than females.

43. Population Pyramid in US Cities Population pyramids can very greatly with different fertility rates ( Laredo vs. Honolulu) or among military bases (Unalaska) college towns ( Lawrence) and retirement communities ( Naples )

44. Rapid Growth in Cape Verde Cape Verde, which entered stage 2 of the dem. Transition in about 1950 is experiencing rapid population growth. Its population history reflects the impacts of famines and migration.

45. Moderate Growth in Chile Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in t he 1930s, and it entered stage 3 in the 1960s.

46. Low Growth in Denmark Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic transition since the 1970s, with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children.

47. Demographic Transition and World Population Growth The world wide population increased rapidly during the second half of the twentieth century. The 4 stage demographic transition is characterized by two big breaks with the past. The first break- the sudden drop in death rates ( has been accomplished everywhere) The second break- (the sudden drop in the birth rate-has yet to be achieved)  The 19 th century decline in the CDR in Europe and North America took place in conjunction with the Industrial Revolution  Medical Technology was injected from Europe and North America instead of arising within the country as part of an economic revolution.  In the past, stage 2 lasted approximately 100 years in Europe and North America, but today’s stage 2 countries are being asked to move through to stage 3 in much less time in order to curtail population growth.  Stage 5= decline

48. Case Study: Japan Pyramid

49. Key Issue 4: Will the World Face an overpopulation Problem? The Main Points of this Issue are: Malthus on overpopulation Population growth and food supply Malthus’ critics Declining birth rates Malthus Theory and Reality Reasons for Declining Birth Rates World Health Threats Epidemiological transitions

50. Food and Population Malthus vs. Actual Trends Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population from 1950-2000…

51. Neo-Malthusians  Contemporary geographers and other analysts are taking another look at Malthus’s theory, because of the unprecedented rate of natural increase in LDCs.  Neo-Malthusians paint a frightening picture of a world in which billions of people are engaged in a desperate search for food and fuel.  Many LDCs have expanded their food production significantly in recent years, but they have more poor people than ever before.

52. Malthus Critics: Criticism has been leveled at both the population growth and resource sides of Malthus’ equation. Contemporary analysts such as Esther Boserup and Julian Simon argue that a larger population could stimulate economic growth and therefore the production of food. The Marxist theory ( Engels) dismissed Malthus and said there were sufficient resources to eliminate world hunger and poverty if only these resources were shared equally.

53. Malthus Theory and Reality Malthusian Theory has been proven inaccurate for many reasons… Even though the human population has grown at its most rapid rate ever, world food production has grown at a faster rate than NIR in the last 50 years.

54. Crude Birth Rate Decline Crude birth rates declined in most countries between 1981 and 2001….Why? Economic Development o Contraceptive Distribution

55. Family Planning Both the extent of family planning use and the methods vary widely by country and culture…

56. World Health Threats…. CBRs have been responsible for declining natural increase rates in most countries… However, in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa, lower NIRs are due to higher CDR… especially through the diffusion of AIDS. Medical researchers have identified an epidemiologic transition that focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

57. Epidemiologic Transition Stages 1&2 Stage I: Pestilence and Famine Infectious and parasitic diseases were principal causes of human deaths. Stage 2: Receding Pandemics A pandemic is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high % of population Ex. Black Plague 1348

58. Epidemiologic Transition Stage 3 & 4 Degenerative and Human Created Disease Ex. Cardiovascular and Cancer Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious and parasitic disease Infectious diseases thought to have been eradicated or controlled have returned, and new ones have emerged.

59. Reasons for Stage 5 Reasons to explain transition to Stage5 1. Evolution: Microbes become resistant to drugs 2. Poverty (TB) (AIDS)

60. Stage 5 Pandemics

61. Ebola Infections

62. Ebola Transmission