1. Discussion Group ~ Week 2

2. QUIZ!

3. 1.) Paddock & Paddock’s “somersault in the net flow of world grain” would be better described as a: a.) face plant (plummeting of world grain production). b.) leap of faith (three-fold increase in world grain production). c.) snow angel (unpredictable grain output by different world region). d.) reversal (grain exporters becoming grain importers). 2.) The current trend of intensified land-use was driven by the expansion of which geo-political region starting in the 1500’s? a.) China b.) Russia c.) North America d.) Sub-Saharan Africa e.) Western Europe 3.) True or False: Agriculture was started independently in at least nine distinct sites in the last 12,000 years? a.) True b.) False 4.) The Green Revolution resulted in ______________, but at the cost of ____________. a.) increased carrying capacity, increased use of inputs b.) stable economies in developing countries, loss to developed countries c.) decreased yield, increased land use d.) increased use of inputs, increase infant mortality rates 5. Does Ehrlich hold a Malthusian or Marxist point of view on population ?

4. 1.) In Famine 1975, Paddock and Paddock attribute the increasing population in the 20th century primarily to: a.) increasing birth rates. b.) decreasing death rates. c.) increasing pesticide use. d.) the somersault in the net flow of world grain. 2.) True or False: Compared to modern agriculture, traditional hunter-gatherer societies invest more time and energy in order to obtain daily food requirements? a.) True b.) False 3.) According to Richards, ______________________ drove the frontier expansion around the world. a.) demand for market goods b.) increased population c.) governmental support for new territories d.) all of the above 4. In the second half of the 20 th Century, the Green Revolution increased global food production through: a.) breeding new cultivars of plants. b.) planting high-yield varieties of staple crops. c.) increasing inputs of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation d.) all of the above. e.) A and C. 5. True or False: Until the Industrial era, major, human-induced environmental change did not take place? a.) True b.) False

5. 1.) What played the critical role in population explosions during the second half of the 20 th century? a.) increasing birth rates b.) economic development c.) the percentage of population of reproductive age d.) decreasing death rates 2.) True or False: By increasing the yield of food per acre, the Green Revolution prevented more land transformation from natural to agricultural use. a.) True b.) False 3.) Richard uses the example of ___________ to illustrate an example of early colonial expansion. a.) Russia b.) Finland c.) Poland d.) The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 4.) True or False: Many hunter-gatherer societies were not very well fed and spent many hours each day searching for food? a.) True b.) False 5. True or False: In Whitmore et al.’s four regional examples of population trends and their impacts on the environment, most of the historic land transformations are associated with water management for agriculture. a.) True b.) False

6. AE Discussion Group Schedule~ Week 2 9:30 – 9:45AM ~ Quiz! [Done] 9:45 – 9:50 ~ Schedule Overview 9:50 – 10:10 ~ Small Groups, Week 1 Readings 10:10 – 10:30 ~ Full Group, Review 10:30 – 10:35 ~ Break 10:35 – 11 ~ Small Groups, Week 2 Readings 11 – 11:20 ~ Full Group, Review

7. AA/B Discussion Group Schedule~ Week 2 12:30 – 12:45PM ~ Quiz! [Done] 12:45 – 12:50 ~ Schedule Overview 12:50 – 1:10 ~ Small Groups, Week 1 Readings 1:10 – 1:30 ~ Full Group, Review 1:30 – 1:35 ~ Break 1:35 – 2:00 ~ Small Groups, Week 2 Readings 2:00 – 2:20 ~ Full Group, Review

8. AD Discussion Group Schedule~ Week 2 12:30 – 12:45PM ~ Quiz! [Done] 12:45 – 12:50 ~ Schedule Overview 12:50 – 1:10 ~ Small Groups, Week 1 Readings 1:10 – 1:30 ~ Full Group, Review 1:30 – 1:35 ~ Break 1:35 – 2:00 ~ Small Groups, Week 2 Readings 2:00 – 2:20 ~ Full Group, Review

9. AF Discussion Group Schedule~ Week 2 2:30 – 2:45PM ~ Quiz! [Done] 2:45 – 2:50 ~ Schedule Overview 2:50 – 3:10 ~ Small Groups, Week 1 Readings 3:10 – 3:30 ~ Full Group, Review 3:30 – 3:35 ~ Break 3:35 – 4:00 ~ Small Groups, Week 2 Readings 4:00 – 4:20 ~ Full Group, Review

10. Small Group Discussions 1.Famine 1975: Why didn’t Paddocks’ predicted catastrophe occur? 2.“Land Transformation”: How do Richards’ examples illustrate global frontier expansion? 3.“Ecology of Growing Food”: How did we shift from hunter-gatherer to conventional Ag.? 4.How did the Green Revolution change global food production? 5.“Feeding the World”: Consider the environmental impact of affluence in the world economy…

11. Fertility Rate & GDP ($$)

12. Hans Rosling: Child Mortality & Fertility 10% mortality rate

13. Brazil’s Sucessful Drop in Fertility 6.3 5.8 4.4 2.7 2.4 1.9 ElectricitySoap-operas

14. The demographic transition High birth rates & High mortality Low birth rates & Low mortality

15. The demographic transition Death Rate HEALTH Birth Rate Population Growth Rate

16. The demographic transition STABLE POPULATION SIZE Where the US is now Where Sub- Saharan Africa is now

17. BREAK TIME!

18. What controls population growth? Malthusian view: Resource limitation/ Carrying capacity -populations increase until resource limitation either reduces birth rates or increases death rates Population growth -> resource depletion -> poverty & starvation Marxist view: Exploitation/oppression/poverty -exploitation causes poverty, which leads to resource depletion, starvation and disease, leading to population growth Exploitation -> poverty-> resource depletion -> population growth

19. Week 2 Readings Human Populations, Cunningham & Cunningham 2010 The Population Bomb, Ehrlich 1968 Long-Term Population Change, Whitmore et al. 1990 Population, Demeny 1990

20. What controls population growth? Malthusian view: Resource limitation/ Carrying capacity -populations increase until resource limitation either reduces birth rates or increases death rates Population growth -> resource depletion -> poverty & starvation Marxist view: Exploitation/oppression/poverty -exploitation causes poverty, which leads to resource depletion, starvation and disease, leading to population growth Exploitation -> poverty-> resource depletion -> population growth Wildebeest Humans

21. Human population: future trends Most of the world has undergone the demographic transition Human population is expected to level off at 9 billion people Can we feed them?

22. Study Questions What did Gause’s experiments demonstrate? Why did Gause’s paramecium increase initially then level off? What is the relationship between Gause’s experiments and the reading from Malthus? What is meant by carrying capacity? Why were the Serengeti wildebeest at low abundance in 1960 What changed to cause them to increase? What changed to stop the increase of the Serengeti wildebeest in the 1980s? When did the human population start to expand rapidly? What was the primary cause of the rise in human population? Draw a graph showing the relationship between children per female and life expectancy at birth. On that graph show the trend through the last 50 years for China and India. Draw the relationship between a countries income and the number of births per woman. On that graph show the trend of China and India in the last 50 years. What has happened to Brazil’s birth rate in the last 50 years. What factors caused this change What is the demographic transition? What are the stages of the demographic transition?

23. Small Group Discussions, Part II 1.In Human Populations (pg. 146) the author explained demographic transition theory where both mortality and fertility rate will stay low. What other factors might influence this projection? (Y.Mao) 2.What is the link between population growth, food availability and the environment in Ehrlich’s Population Bomb? What are the consequences of a simple ecosystem? 3.In Long-Term Population Change, what makes up a wave and how does the author determine the length of a wave? (J.S.) 4. How do Whitmore’s four examples illustrate the interaction between population and the land over time? Be specific. 5.Explain the difference between the three major population trends in Whitmore et al.’s paper. Use examples to explain.

24. THANKS!