1. The Challenges of Maritime Security - Drones at Sea Rune Storvold, Senior Scientist Northern Research Institute (Norut) DESSI Conference on Security Investment Decisions, Copenhagen June 24 th, 2013.

2. Emergency Preparedness Prevention and Response – Oil spill detection, monitoring, and fate – Situational awareness (accidents, threats...) – Search and rescue, MOB – Piracy Operations Support – Seismic exploration (detection of marine mammals, crawlers and icebergs) – Ice management (offshore drilling and production operations) – Ice navigation Maintenance – Inspection of structures and installations (offshore wind turbines, offshore installations) Maritime Security Challenges, where drones might play a future role

3. Some Maritime Scientific Drone Systems Cryowing, Norut Manta, NOAA Eleron-10, AARI SUMO, Univ. of Bergen Univ. of Colorado Sierra, NASA Global Hawk, NASA ScanEagle, UAF

4. Requirements Maritime Drone Operations must meet: Cost efficient and Affordable The cause must justify the cure Safe The drone operation must not cause an unacceptable risk to people or property. Available Must be able to operate in “bad” weather Good at the Job!!! Systems designed based on user needs When are drones a solution?

5. To achieve Cost Efficiency Solve multiple challenges, one system that address several challenges, i.e.: – MOB (Man Over Board) – Oil spill detection and mapping – Inspect approaching suspicious vessels (in Piracy prone areas) – Detect and map sea-ice and icebergs when navigating northern sea-routes Require a minimum of man power and be operated by regular crew members. – Cost of extra dedicated crew very high, only feasible when operating regularly not just for Emergency Preparedness. – System must be highly automated and intuitive. – Affordable flying hardware for use under marginal conditions.

6. To achieve Cost Efficency

7. System Must be Safe Conflict with other aircraft – Normally aircraft has a pilot to look out for other aircraft. For a drone this extends to 500-1200 meters (depend on your country’s regulation, not your 20/20 vision) Danger to crew – Even a 3 kg aircraft at 100 kph could cause serious injury Danger to rig/ship – Depends on aircraft size, fuel type and rig/ship vulnerability Mitigations – Ship radar (48 nm range common) and VHF aircraft radio to monitor and warn other aircraft or remove own aircraft – Procedures for keeping crew unexposed, or use aircraft of low impact energy – Avoid flammable fuels and have systems to handle impact

8. System Must be Available All aircraft has weather envelopes, needs maintenance, and have failures. Ships and rigs are operated at sea 24/7/365 Accidents don’t happen when the weather is best, unfortunately. – Aircraft have wind maxima, depending on their design – Icing is a problem – Visibility could be a problem both for the operation and the sensors Based on area, weather statistics and purpose, the aircraft could be designed probably not for 100% availability but may be 80-95%.

9. The drones must do the job No point of using drones if they will not efficiently do the job they were set to do. The data must be easy to understand and analyze in near real-time and flow directly to decision makers.

10. SAR System Levels at Sea National SAR/EPPR assets Examples: SAR Helicopters, reconnaissance aircraft, and Coast Guard vessels. Challenges: Take time to arrive typical 45 minutes-hours Industry assets (Mostly in connection with O&G installations) Ships, Standby helicopters, (Drones likely additional asset in the future) Challenge: Arrival time depend on area 25 minutes-hours Own Assets MOB boat, (micro drones coming) Challenge: Find people in the sea difficult from low elevation if there are waves EPPR - Emergency Prevention Preparedness and Response

11. Maturity and Cost of Drones Large drones have currently higher complexity and cost (both in acquisition and operation) than equivalent manned aviation. Main advantage: Endurance (up to 48 hrs.) and removed risk for crew Usage: Reconnaissance and surveillance. Challenge: Regulatory, communication Small drones (< 150 kg) still higher complexity but lower acquisition and operating cost than manned aviation. Main advantage: Endurance (up to 24 hrs.) and removed risk for crew. Some systems can be operated from ships. Usage: Reconnaissance and surveillance. Challenge: Regulatory, communication Micro drones (<7 kg) Low complexity, battery powered, low cost) Limited endurance (1-2 hrs.) Usage: Reconnaissance and surveillance. Challenge: Regulatory

12. Regulation Roadmap

13. Ship Based SAR 1.Requirements – Detect and identify people in the sea within 10km radius – Real time data transmissions to operators – All weather* and light condition operations – Easy to operate, trained pilots/operators 2.Challenges – Robust platform, takeoff and land from ships or rigs – high bandwidth communication up to 10 km for near real time imagery. Bandwidth will be poorer as distance increases. – Regulatory requirements not determined yet, but some kind of detect and avoid needed, presumably this could be based on ship radar. – Automated detection and tracking of objects/people * Up to 20 m/s wind

14. Ship Based Oil Spill Response 1.Requirements – Detect and identify oil spills within 50km radius – Real time data transmissions to operators – All weather and light condition operations – Easy to operate, trained pilots/operators 2.Challenges – Robust platform, takeoff and land from ships or rigs – high bandwidth communication up to 50 km for near real time imagery. Bandwidth will be poorer as distance increases. – Regulatory requirements not determined yet, but some kind of detect and avoid needed, presumably this could be based on ship radar. – Automated detection and data analysis (thickness distibution)

15. Land Based SAR 1.Requirements – Detect and identify ships/objects/people in the sea within 500- 1000 km radius – Real time data transmissions to operators – All weather and light condition operations – Easy to operate, trained pilots/operators 2.Challenges – Robust platform, takeoff and land from ships or rigs – moderate bandwidth satellite communication for near real time imagery. – Regulatory requirements not determined yet, but some kind of detect and avoid needed, transponder with ADS-B, radar? – Automated detection and tracking of objects/people – Drop drift markers

16. Cryowing Mk. 2

17. Maritime Operations Support Industry moves north, far from settlements and in areas with seasonal sea-ice and icebergs. This requires new technology to maintain safe and efficient operations. Combinations of satellite Remote sensing, forecasting models, and drones needed. From: WWF

18. Ice Management Need 6 hrs to decouple from drill string properly Can be don in 30 minutes, but then coupling back on takes time Ice drifts with speeds up to 25 km in 24 hrs. not uncommon. Ice thickness distribution, drift and concentration determines loads. Reduced downtime = $$$ 10 km 50 km 100 km

19. Concluding Remarks As a Scientist: More R&D are needed As an Operator: Regulation needed As a User: Mature services and products needed To succeed regulators, operators, developers and users must work together. DESSI provides a roadmap Thank you for your attention! Contact Information: Rune Storvold, rune.storvold@norut.no