1. Water soluble vitamins

2. Ascorbic acid Antioxidant, cofactor for hydroxylation reactions, for example: in procollagen: Pro→hydroxyPro Lys→hydroxyLys Deficiency: Scurvy with sore spongy gums, loose teeth and poor wound healing Toxicity: none

3. B-complex Energy releasing: – Thiamine (vit B6) – Riboflavin (vit B2) – Niacin (vit B3) – Biotin – Pantothenic acid Hematopoietic – Folic acid – Vit B12

4. B-complex Others – Pyridoxine (vit B6) – Pyridoxal – Pyridoxamine

5. Folic acid Active form: tetrahydrofolic acid Transfer one-carbon units: synthesis of methionine, purines, and thymine Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects [birth defects] Administration of high levels of folate can mask vit B12 deficiency

6. Vitamin B12 Also called cobalamin Active form: methylcobalamin, deoxyadenosyl cobalamin It is a cofactor for reactions like: homocysteine→methionine methylmalonylCoA→succinylCoA Deficiency: pernicious anemia, dementia, spinal degeneration with signs of megaloblastic anemia and neuropsychiatric symptoms Pernicious anemia is treated with IM or high dose oral vit B12

7. Vitamin B6 Also called pridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal Active form: pyridoxal phosphate It is a cofactor for enzymes, particularly in amino acid metabolism Signs of deficiency: glossitis and neuropathy There’s a toxicity encountered with sensory neuropathy occuring at high doses Deficiency can be induced by isoniazid

8. Vitamin B1 Also called thiamine Active form: thiamine pyrophosphate It is a cofactor of enzymes catalyzing : pyruvate→acetylCoA αketoglutarate→succinylCoA ribose 5-P + xylulose 5-P →sedoheptulose 7-P + glyceraldehyde 3-P Deficiency : beriberi with tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions, apathy, loss of memory and eye movements

9. Niacin Also called: nicotinic acid, nicotinamide Active form: NAD+, NADP+ Involved in electron transfer Deficiency: Pellagra with signs of dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia High doses of niacin are used to treat hyperlipidemia

10. Vitamin B2 Also called riboflavin Active forms : FMN, FAD Involved in electron transfer Signs of deficiency include dermatitis and angular stomatitis

11. Biotin Enzyme bound is the active form Involved in carboxylation reactions Consumption of a large amounts of raw egg whites [which contains a protein avidin, that binds biotin] can induce a biotin deficiency

12. Pantothenic acid Active form is coenzyme A It is an acyl carrier