1. THE RADIATION SAFETY IN A “DAILY LIFE” Introduction Volodymyr Berkovskyy

2. 2 Foreword Since the discovery of X rays and radioactivity more than 100 years ago, many different applications of radiation and radioactive materials have been developed. The first use of X rays was in medical diagnosis, within six months of their discovery in 1895. A benefit from the use of radiation was established very early on, but equally some of the potential risks of radiation became apparent much latter.

3. 3 Snapshots of the historical context of the safety regime Early 20 th century – hazards from x-rays & 226 Ra 1928 – establishment of the International X ray and Radium Protection Committee 1950 – renamed “ICRP” 1945 – A-bombs on Japan: the science created a monster From 1950s – arms race, fallout from nuclear weapon tests; peaceful use of ionizing radiation and nuclear power 1955 – Establishment of UNSCEAR 1957 – Establishment of the IAEA From 1960s – intensive radiobiological and radioecological studies; controversial disposals of radioactive waste in sea 1986 – Chernobyl accident Safety Conventions, “adolescent” ages of nuclear safety regime 2000s – continuing expansion of the nuclear technologies in medicine; growing interest to the nuclear power; radwaste disposal issues; threat of nuclear terrorism Expansion of the Safety and Environment-related Conventions Mature nuclear safety regime

4. THE WORK OF THE ICRP: A SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR THE IAEA INTERNATIONAL SAFETY STANDARDS Volodymyr Berkovskyy

5. 5 legislative, scientific and practical context of the IAEA Safety Standards

6. 6 Safety standards hierarchy Safety Guides Safety Requirements Safety Fundamentals Global Reference Point for the High Level of Nuclear Safety

7. 7 UNSCEAR reports SOURCESEFFECTS HEREDITARY EFFECTS 2000/2001 2006/2008 EFFECTS Sources: natural, man-made Exposures: general public, workers, patients Effects

8. 8 Decision of the IAEA’s Board of Governors In 1960, when the Board first approved radiation protection & safety measures, it stated: ‘The Agency’s basic safety standards … will be based, to the extent possible, on the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection’

9. 9 Outworking of the relationship ICRP recommendations Publication 1 (1959) Publication 6 (1964) Publication 9 (1966) Publication 26 (1977) Publication 60 (1991) Publication 103 (2007) IAEA basic safety standards Safety Series 9 (1962) Safety Series 9 (1967) Safety Series 9 (1982) + ILO, NEA, WHO Safety Series 115 (1996) Safety Requirements (2YYY) + ? FAO, ILO + NEA, PAHO, WHO

10. 10 Evolution of the safety regime (1/2) 1928 – 1950s (x-rays & extracted radium) IXRPC: International X ray and Radium Protection Committee Concern with protection of medical profession Avoidance of threshold effects ICRP, 1950s (development of nuclear, med. & ind. uses) Epidemiological evidence of cancer; genetic concerns ICRP 1 (1959), ICRP 6 (1964), ICRP 9 (1966) – ICRP 26 (1977) Primarily focus was on uses of x-rays & r/a material Risks quantified for first time, Addition of exposures – effective dose equivalent Development of ALARA

11. 11 Evolution of the safety regime (2/2) ICRP 26 (1977) – ICRP 60 (1990) Increase in risk factors – impact on dose limits Explicit inclusion of potential exposure More explicit recommendations on natural radiation Categorisation into practice and intervention Emphasis on ALARA & protection of individuals After ICRP 60 – increased clarification of topics Effective dose, reference parameters, reference person, representative person, potential exposures, emergencies, radon, workplace management, patients, prolonged exposures, wastes

12. 12 Evolution of the protection system At first, occupational exposure in medicine Avoid deterministic harm 1928Working hours limited (~1000 mSv) 1934~200 mSv Then, all occupational exposure 1951 ~150 mSv Later, all exposures 195650 & 5 mSv 1966reduce doses if readily achievable (ICRP Pub. 9) 1977reasonably achievable (ICRP Pub.26) 199020 & 1 mSv

13. 13 Dose-risk hypnotises

14. 14 Recent ICRP Publications 2007 P101: Assessing Dose of the Representative Person for the Purpose of Radiation Protection of the Public and the Optimisation of Radiological Protection P102: Managing the Patient Dose in Multi-detector Computer Tomography P103: The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection P104: Scope of Radiological Protection Control Measures P105: Radiological Protection in Medicine 2008 P106: Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals P107: Nuclear Decay Data for Dosimetric Calculations P108: Reference computation phantom of the adult male and female (joint ICRP/ICRU)

15. 15 New 2007 ICRP Recommendations  Take account of new biological and physical information and of trends in the setting of radiation safety standards  Improve and streamline the presentation  In addition, the ICRP has maintained as much stability in the Recommendations as is consistent with the new scientific information and societal expectations

16. 16 The major features (1)  Updating the radiation and tissue weighting factors in the quantities equivalent and effective dose, and updating the radiation detriment based on the latest available scientific information of the biology and physics of radiation exposure  Maintaining the ICRP’s three fundamental principles of radiological protection (justification, optimisation, and the application of dose limits), and clarifying how they apply to radiation sources delivering exposure and to individuals receiving exposure

17. 17 The major features (2)  Evolving from the previous process-based protection approach using practices and interventions, by moving to a situation-based approach applying the fundamental principles of justification and optimisation of protection to all controllable exposure situations, which the Recommendations characterise as PLANNED, EMERGENCY, AND EXISTING EXPOSURE SITUATIONS  Maintaining the Commission’s individual dose limits for effective dose and equivalent dose from all regulated sources in planned exposure situations – these limits represent the maximum dose that would be accepted in any planned exposure situations by regulatory authorities

18. 18 The major features (3) Re-enforcing the principle of optimisation of protection, which should be applicable in a similar way to all exposure situations, with restrictions on individual doses and risks, namely dose and risk constraints for planned exposure situations and reference levels for emergency and existing exposure situations

19. 19 New terms Old ●Practice ●Intervention in emergency ●Intervention to reduce existing exposure ●Action level ●Average dose to the members of the critical group New New ●Planned exposure situation ●Emergency exposure situation ●Existing exposure situation ●Reference level ●Dose to the representative person

20. 20 Electronic resources

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