1. Bioorganic Compounds Amino Acids – Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Miscellaneous Alkaloids Vitamins Drugs In most cases biological activity depends on stereochemistry

2. VITAMINS Introduction: NUTRIENTS MacroMicro (Daily allowance <0.1 g) CarbohydratesMinerals (trace elements) FatsVitamins Proteins Definition: Organic compounds Cannot be synthetised Essential for normal methabolism reproduction Must be included in the diet (Exogenous sources) Active form Provitamin »Vitamin deficiency disease »Chemically different compounds »Solubility

3. Classic appearance of rickets in a child

4. Vitamins Substances needed by the body for growth and maintenance. Vitamins are either Fat-soluble or Water soluble.

5. Fat-soluble Vitamins Carried through your body by fats. Can be stored by your body. A D E K

6. Water-soluble Vitamins Dissolve in water causing the unused amounts of these vitamins to leave your body along with body wastes. Cannot be stored in your body and therefore you need to eat foods that supply these vitamins every day. B vitamins C

7. Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition Fat-soluble: Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin A 1000  g (800  g of Retinol) Green and yellow vegetables and fruits, fish oils, eggs, dairy products Formation of visual pigments, maintenance of mucous membranes, transport of nutrients across cell membranes Night blindness, skin lesions, eye disease (Excess: hyperirritability, skin lesions, bone decalcification, increased pressure on the brain) Vitamin D 7.5  g of Cholecalciferol Fish oils, liver; provitamins in skin activated by sunlight Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism Rickets (Excess: retarded mental and physical growth in children) Vitamin E (tocopherol) 10 mg (8 mg) of  -Tocopherol Green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, wheat germ Maintenance of cell membrane Increased fragility of red blood cells Vitamin K 70-140  g b Green leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Synthesis of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors in the liver Failure of coagulation of blood, (Excess: hemolytic anemia and liver damage)

8. Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 60 mgCitrus fruits, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage Synthesis of collagen, amino acid metabolism Scurvy, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, swollen joints Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) 1.5 mg (1.1 mg) Whole grains, organ meats, legumes, nuts, pork Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Beriberi, heart failure, mental disturbances Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 1.7 mg (1.3 mg) Milk, eggs, liver, leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzyme in oxidation reactions Fissures of the skin, visual disturbances, anemia Niacin (nicotinic acid) 19 mg (14 mg) Yeast, liver, lean meat, fish, whole grains, eggs, peanuts NAD, NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions Pellegra, skin lesions, diarrhea, dementia Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid 4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin0.1-0.2 mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition Water-soluble:

9. VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon-carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acidNeurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

10. N N N N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 N N N N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PABA

11. Biotin